چوب صنوبر سوپرپارامغناطیس فورفوریله: ویژگی‌های ریخت‌شناسی، فیزیکی و مکانیکی

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار، گروه تکنولوژی و مهندسی چوب، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران.

2 استادیار، گروه تکنولوژی و مهندسی چوب، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران.

3 دانشیار ، گروه تکنولوژی و مهندسی چوب، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران.

4 کارشناس‌ارشد، گروه تکنولوژی و مهندسی چوب، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران.

چکیده

سابقه و هدف:
چوب مغناطیسی یکی از فرآورده‌های نانوفناوری چوب است که پتانسیل‌های کاربردی بالایی را در حوزه‌های مختلف صنعتی نشان داده است. چوب سوپرپارامغناطیس فراورده‌ای است که عموماً با سنتز درجای نانوذرات مغناطیسی درون بافت چوب تولید می‌شود. در این میان، چوب گونه‌های تند رشد توجه‌ بیشتری را به خود معطوف نموده‌اند. از سوی دیگر، برخی ویژگی‌های ذاتی چوب، نظیر جذب‌ آب و عدم ثبات ابعادی و نیز آسیب‌پذیری در برابر عوامل مخرب بیولوژیکی و هوازدگی می‌تواند دامنه کاربرد چوب مغناطیسی را به عنوان یک ماده پیشرفته‌ی مهندسی محدود نمایند. این مطالعه با هدف ارزیابی تأثیر تیمار فورفوریلاسیون بر اصلاح رفتارهای فیزیکی و مکانیکی چوب صنوبر سوپرپارامغناطیس تولید شده با روش سنتز درجای نانوذرات مغناطیسی انجام شد.
مواد و روش‌ها:
سنتز درجای نانوذرات مگنتیت درون چوب صنوبر (Populous deltoides)، با استفاده محلول کلریدهای آهن II و III، با نسبت مولی 2:1، درون یک سیلندر خلاء/فشار انجام شد. پس از آن، چوب تیمار شده با زهکشی کاتیون‌های آهن و جایگزینی آن با محلول یک مولار هیدروکسید سدیم به چوب مغناطیسی تبدیل شد. پس از شستشوی محلول سود اضافی و خشک کردن، چوب صنوبر مغناطیسی، تحت سیستم خلاء-فشار، با دو غلظت متفاوت از محلول اشباع فورفوریل الکل تیمار و به دنبال انجام تیمارهای حرارتی لازم به چوب-پلیمر تبدیل شد. از میکروسکوپ الکترونی روبشی گسیل میدان، پراش پرتوایکس، مغناطیس‌سنجی نمونه ‌ارتعاشی، آزمون خمش استاتیک، و آزمون جذب آب و واکشیدگی ضخامت بلند مدت، جهت ارزیابی رفتار آزمونه‌ها استفاده شد.
یافته‌ها:
تبدیل چوب صنوبر به چوب مغناطیسی، درصد افزایش وزن حاصل از فرایند فورفوریلاسیون را کاهش داد. مغناطش اشباع چوب مغناطیسی در نتیجه تیمار فورفوریلاسیون و تبدیل شدن به چوب-پلیمر کاهش معناداری را نشان داد. تغییر غلظت محلول فورفوریل الکل تأثیر معناداری را بر مغناطش اشباع چوب-پلیمرهای مغناطیسی تولید شده نشان نداد. تیمار فورفوریلاسیون، مقاومت خمشی و مدول خمشی آزمونه‌ها را کاهش داد. رفتار خمشی آزمونه‌های چوب-پلیمر مغناطیسی و غیر مغناطیسی حاصل از تیمار با غلظت مشابه فورفوریل الکل تفاوت معناداری را نشان نداد. بررسی میکروسکوپی سطح شکست دیواره‌ی الیاف چوب در آزمونه‌های خمش اثر تیمار فورفوریلاسیون در تغییر رفتار دیواره الیاف از منعطف به ترد را نشان داد که منطبق با نتایج آزمون خمش بود. از سوی دیگر، با افزایش درصد جذب ماده پلیمری در ساختار چوب، جذب آب بلند مدت و واکشیدگی ضخامت آزمونه‌ها کاهش یافت. آزمونه‌های چوب-پلیمر مغناطیسی جذب آب و واکشیدگی ضخامت بیشتری در مقایسه با نمونه‌های چوب-پلیمر غیرمغناطیسی نشان دادند.
نتیجه‌گیری:
بر اساس نتایج این مطالعه، در صورت لزوم استفاده از چوب صنوبر مغناطیسی در محیط‌های با رطوبت بالا، تبدیل آن به چوب-پلیمر مغناطیسی با استفاده از فورفوریل الکل توصیه می‌شود، مشروط بر آنکه ویژگی‌های مکانیکی مورد نیاز را دارا باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Furfurylated Superparamagnetic Poplar Wood: Morphological, Physical, and Mechanical Properties

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mahdi Mashkour 1
  • Davood Rasouli 2
  • Hossein Yousefi 3
  • Afsaneh Rajabi 4
1 Department of Wood Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Wood and Paper Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
2 Department of Wood Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Wood and Paper Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
3 Department of Wood Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Wood and Paper Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
4 Department of Wood Enegineering and Technology, Faculty of Wood and Paper Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives:
Magnetic wood is one of the wood nanotechnology products with a wide range of potential industrial applications. Superparamagnetic wood is generally produced by in situ synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles in the wood structure. Among the various species of wood used for the production of magnetic wood, the fast-growing species are becoming increasingly important. On the other hand, the inherent properties of wood, such as its water absorption, dimensional instability, and susceptibility to biodegradation and weathering, may limit the potential of magnetic wood as an advanced engineering material. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of furfurylation on modifying the physical and mechanical properties of superparamagnetic poplar wood prepared by in situ synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles.
Materials and methods:
In situ synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles in poplar wood (Populus deltoides) was performed using iron II and III chloride solutions in a 2:1 molar ratio in a vacuum/pressure chamber. Then the treated wood was converted into magnetic wood by draining the solution of iron cations and replacing it with a one-molar solution of sodium hydroxide. After washing the excess alkali solution and drying, the magnetic poplar wood was treated with two different concentrations of a furfuryl alcohol solution under the vacuum/pressure system and converted into wood polymer after performing the necessary heat treatments. The specimens were characterized using a field emission scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometry, a static bending test, and long-term water absorption and thickness swelling tests.
Results:
The conversion of poplar wood to magnetic wood reduced the weight percent gain (WPG) resulting from the furfurylation process. The saturation magnetization of the magnetic wood decreased significantly after furfurylation and conversion to the wood-polymer. Changing the concentration of the furfuryl alcohol solution had no significant effect on the saturation magnetization of the prepared magnetic wood polymers. The furfurylation treatment significantly reduced the specimens' flexural strength and flexural modulus. The flexural properties of magnetic and non-magnetic wood polymer specimens treated with the same concentration of furfuryl alcohol solution showed no significant difference. Microscopic examination of the fracture surface of the cell wall of the wood in the specimens subjected to the bending test showed the effect of furfurylation in transforming the behavior of the cell wall of the fibers from ductile to brittle, which was consistent with the results of the bending test. On the other hand, as the WPG increased, the specimens' long-term water absorption and thickness swelling decreased. Magnetic wood-polymer specimens had higher water absorption values and thickness swelling than non-magnetic wood-polymer specimens.
Conclusion:
Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that magnetic poplar wood, if it must be used in high-humidity environments, be converted to magnetic wood-polymer with furfuryl alcohol, provided it has the required mechanical properties.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Magnetic wood
  • In situ synthesis
  • Wood-polymer
  • Furfuryl alcohol
  • Magnetite nanoparticle

مراجع

1.Mohseni Tabar, M., Tabarsa, T., Mashkour, M. and Khazaeian, A. 2015. Using silicon dioxide (SiO2) nano-powder as reinforcement for walnut shell flour/HDPE composite materials. J. of the Indian Academy of Wood Science. 12: 1. 15-21.
2.Habibzade, S., Omidvar, A., Farahani, M., and Mashkour, M. 2014. Effect of nano-ZnO on decay resistance and artificial weathering of wood polymer composite. J. of Nanomaterials and Molecular Nanotechnology. 3: 3. 1-5.
3.Holy, S., Temiz, A., Köse Demirel, G., Aslan, M., and Mohamad Amini, M.H. 2022. Physical properties, thermal and fungal resistance of Scots pine wood treated with nano-clay and several metal-oxides nanoparticles. Wood Material Science & Engineering. 17: 3. 176-185.
4.Boury, B., and Plumejeau, S. 2015. Metal oxides and polysaccharides: an efficient hybrid association for materials chemistry. Green Chemistry. 17: 1. 72-88.
5.Mendoza‐Garcia, A., and Sun, S. 2016. Recent advances in the high‐temperature chemical synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles. Advanced Functional Materials. 26: 22. 3809-3817.
6.Tokarev, A., Yatvin, J., Trotsenko, O., Locklin, J., and Minko, S. 2016. Nanostructured soft matter with magnetic nanoparticles. Advanced Functional Materials. 26: 22. 3761-3782.
7.Berglund, L.A., and Burgert, I. 2018. Bioinspired wood nanotechnology for functional materials. Advanced Materials. 30: 19. 1704285-1704300.
8.Tan, Y., Wang, K., Dong, Y., Zhang, W., Zhang, S., and Li, J. 2020. Bulk superhydrophobility of wood via in-situ deposition of ZnO rods in wood structure. Surface and Coatings Technology. 383: 125240.
9.Mashkour, M., and Ranjbar, Y. 2018. Superparamagnetic Fe3O4@ wood flour/ polypropylene nanocomposites: Physical and mechanical properties. Industrial Crops and Products. 111: 47-54.
10.Mashkour, M., Kimura, T., Kimura, F., Mashkour, M., and Tajvidi, M. 2014. One-dimensional core–shell cellulose-akaganeite  hybrid nanocrystals: synthesis, characterization, and magnetic field induced self-assembly. RSC Advances. 4: 94. 52542-52549.
11.Segmehl, J.S., Laromaine, A., Keplinger, T., May-Masnou, A., Burgert, I., and Roig, A. 2018. Magnetic wood by in situ synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles via a microwave-assisted route. J. of Materials Chemistry C. 6: 13. 3395-3402.
12.Cheng, Z., Wei, Y., Liu, C., Chen, Y., Ma, Y., Chen, H., Liang, X., Sun, N.X., and Zhu, H. 2020. Lightweight and construable magnetic wood for electromagnetic interference shielding. Advanced Engineering Materials. 22: 10. 2000257.
13.Goldoust Jooibari, A., Mashkour, M., Tabarsa, T., and Yousefi, H. 2020. Fabrication and evaluation of physical and mechanical properties of magnetic-cellulose paper/epoxy resin nanocomposites. J. of Wood and Forest Science and Technology. 27: 3. 93-108.
14.Mashkour, M., Moradabadi, Z., and Khazaeian, A. 2017. Physical and tensile properties of epoxy laminated magnetic bacterial cellulose nanocomposite films. J. of Applied Polymer Science. 134: 30. 45118.
15.Jiang, F., Li, T., Li, Y., Zhang, Y., Gong, A., Dai, J., Hitz, E., Luo, W., and Hu, L. 2018. Wood‐based nanotechnologies toward sustainability. Advanced Materials. 30: 1. 1703453.
16.Asdrubali, F., Ferracuti, B., Lombardi, L., Guattari, C., Evangelisti, L., and Grazieschi, G. 2017. A review of structural, thermo-physical, acoustical, and environmental properties of wooden materials for building applications. Building and Environment. 114: 307-332.
17.Khan, G., and Chaudhry, A.K. 2007. Effect of spacing and plant density on the growth of poplar (Populus deltoides) trees under agro-forestry system. Pak. J. of Agricultural Science. 44: 2. 321-327.
18.Öncel, M., Vurdu, H., Aydoğan, H., Özkan, O.E., and Kaymakci, A. 2019. The tensile shear strength of outdoor type plywood produced from fir, alnus, pine and poplar wood. Wood Research. 64: 5. 913-920.
19.Kong, L., Guan, H., and Wang, X. 2018. In situ polymerization of furfuryl alcohol with ammonium dihydrogen phosphate in poplar wood for improved dimensional stability and flame retardancy. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 6: 3. 3349-3357.
20.Shen, X., Jiang, P., Guo, D., Li, G., Chu, F., and Yang, S. 2020. Effect of furfurylation on hierarchical porous structure of poplar wood. Polymers.    13: 1. 32.
21.Li, J., Zhang, A., Zhang, S., Gao, Q., Chen, H., Zhang, W., and Li, J. 2018. High‐performance imitation precious wood from low‐cost poplar wood via high‐rate permeability of phenolic resins. Polymer Composites. 39: 7. 2431-2440.
22.Dong, Y., Zhang, W., Hughes, M., Wu, M., Zhang, S., and Li, J. 2019. Various polymeric monomers derived from renewable rosin for the modification of fast-growing poplar wood. Composites Part B: Engineering. 174: 106902.
23.Jones, D., Sandberg, D., and Gicomo, G. Wood modification in Europe: A state-of-the-art about processes, products, applications; Firenze University Press, 2019.
24.Dong, Y., Qin, Y., Wang, K., Yan, Y., Zhang, S., Li, J., and Zhang, S. 2016. Assessment of the performance of furfurylated wood and acetylated wood: comparison among four fast-growing wood species. BioResources. 11: 2. 3679-3690.
25.Militz, H., and Lande, S. 2009. Challenges in wood modification technology on the way to practical applications. Wood Material Science and Engineering. 4: 1-2. 23-29.
26.Dong, Y., Ma, E., Li, J., Zhang, S., and Hughes, M. 2020. Thermal properties enhancement of poplar wood by substituting poly (furfuryl alcohol) for the matrix. Polymer Composites. 41: 3. 1066-1073.
27.Mattos, B.D., De Cademartori, P.H., Missio, A.L., Gatto, D.A., and Magalhães, W.L. 2015. Wood-polymer composites prepared by free radical in situ polymerization of methacrylate monomers into fast-growing pinewood. Wood Science and Technology. 49: 6. 1281-1294.
28.Li, Y. 2011. Wood-polymer composites. Advances in Composite Materials-Analysis of Natural and Man-Made Materials. BoD–Books on Demand. pp. 978-953.
29.Li, W., Wang, H., Ren, D., Yu, Y., and Yu, Y. 2015. Wood modification with furfuryl alcohol catalysed by a new composite acidic catalyst. Wood Science and Technology. 49: 4. 845-856.
30.Schneider, M. 1995. New cell wall and cell lumen wood polymer composites. Wood Science and Technology. 29: 2. 121-127.
31.Dong, Y., Wang, K., Li, J., Zhang, S., and Shi, S. Q. 2020. Environmentally benign wood modifications: a review. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 8: 9. 3532-3540.
32.Ghorbani, M., Poorzahed, N., and Amininasab, S.M. 2020. Morphological, physical, and mechanical properties of silanized wood-polymer composite. J. of Composite Materials. 54: 11. 1403-1412.
33.Li, Y.F., Liu, Y.X., Wang, X.M., Wu, Q.L., Yu, H.P., and Li, J. 2011. Wood–polymer composites prepared by the in situ polymerization of monomers within wood. J. of Applied Polymer Science. 119: 6. 3207-3216.
34.Esteves, B., Nunes, L., and Pereira, H. 2011. Properties of furfurylated wood (Pinus pinaster). European J. of Wood and Wood Products. 69: 4. 521-525.
35.Mantanis, G.I. 2017. Chemical modification of wood by acetylation or furfurylation: A review of the present scaled-up technologies. BioResources. 12: 2. 4478-4489.
36.Yang, T., Wang, J., Xu, J., Ma, E., and Cao, J. 2019. Hygroscopicity and dimensional stability of Populus euramericana Cv. modified by furfurylation combined with low hemicellulose pretreatment. J. of Materials Science. 54: 20. 13445-13456.
37.Liu, L., Chang, H.M., Jameel, H., and Park, S. 2018. Furfural production from biomass pretreatment hydrolysate using vapor-releasing reactor system. Bioresource Technology. 252: 165-171.
38.Sultan, M., Rahman, M., Hamdan, S., and Hossen, M. 2020. Materials Science Forum. pp. 29-36.
39.Hadi, Y.S., Mulyosari, D., Herliyana, E.N., Pari, G., Arsyad, W.O.M., Abdillah, I.B., and Gérardin, P. 2021. Furfurylation of wood from fast-growing tropical species to enhance their resistance to subterranean termite. European J. of Wood and Wood Products. 79: 4. 1007-1015.
40.Lande, S., Westin, M., and Schneider, M. 2008. Development of modified wood products based on furan chemistry. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals. 484: 1. 1-367.
41.Gan, W., Gao, L., Xiao, S., Gao, R., Zhang, W., Li, J., and Zhan, X. 2017. Magnetic wood as an effective induction heating material: Magnetocaloric effect and thermal insulation. Advanced Materials Interfaces. 4: 22. 1700777.
42.Lou, Z., Han, H., Zhou, M., Han, J., Cai, J., Huang, C., Zou, J., Zhou, X., Zhou, H., and Sun, Z. 2018. Synthesis of magnetic wood with excellent and tunable electromagnetic wave-absorbing properties by a facile vacuum/pressure impregnation method. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 6: 1. 1000-1008.
43.Amrhein, V., Greenland, S., and Mcshane, B. 2019. Scientists rise up against statistical significance. Nature. 567: 305-307.
44.Kaffashsaie, E., Yousefi, H., Nishino, T., Matsumoto, T., Mashkour, M., Madhoushi, M., and Kawaguchi, H. 2021. Direct conversion of raw wood to TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers. Carbohydrate Polymers. 262: 117938.45.Wang, J., Fishwild, S.J., Begel, M., and Zhu, J. 2020. Properties of densified poplar wood through partial delignification with alkali and acid pretreatment. J. of Materials Science. 55: 29. 14664-14676.
46.Sreekala, M., Kumaran, M., and Thomas, S. 1997. Oil palm fibers: Morphology, chemical composition, surface modification, and mechanical properties. J. of Applied Polymer Science. 66: 5. 821-835.
47.Mashkour, M., and Mashkour, M. 2021. A Simple and scalable approach for fabricating high-performance superparamagnetic natural cellulose fibers and Papers. Carbohydrate Polymers. 256: 117425.
48.Mashkour, M., Tajvidi, M., Kimura, F., Yousefi, H., and Kimura, T. 2014. Strong highly anisotropic magnetocellulose nanocomposite films made by chemical peeling and in situ welding at the interface using an ionic liquid. ACS applied materials & interfaces. 6: 11. 8165-8172.
49.Chia, C., Zakaria, S., Ahamd, S., Abdullah, M., and Jani, S.M. 2006. Preparation of magnetic paper from kenaf: lumen loading and in situ synthesis method. American J. of Applied Sciences. 3: 3. 1750-1754.
50.Dong, Y., Yan, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, S., and Li, J. 2016. Combined treatment for conversion of fast-growing poplar wood to magnetic wood with high dimensional stability. Wood Science and Technology. 50: 3. 503-517.
51.Shaterabadi, Z., Nabiyouni, G., Goya, G.F. and Soleymani, M. 2022. The effect of the magnetically dead layer
on the magnetization and the magnetic anisotropy of the dextran-coated magnetite nanoparticles. Applied Physics A. 128: 8. 1-10.
52.Abbas, M., Takahashi, M., and Kim, C. 2013. Facile sonochemical synthesis of high-moment magnetite (Fe3O4) nanocube. J. of nanoparticle research. 15: 1. 1-12.
53.Pfriem, A., Dietrich, T., and Buchelt, B. 2012. Furfuryl alcohol impregnation for improved plasticization and fixation during the densification of wood. Holzforschung. 66: 2. 215-218.
54.Sejati, P.S., Imbert, A., Gérardin-Charbonnier, C., Dumarçay, S., Fredon, E., Masson, E., Nandika, D., Priadi, T., and Gérardin, P. 2017. Tartaric acid catalyzed furfurylation of beech wood. Wood Science and Technology. 51: 2. 379-394.
55.Beck, G., Hill, C., Cocher, P.M. and Alfredsen, G. 2019. Accessibility of hydroxyl groups in furfurylated wood at different weight percent gains and during Rhodonia placenta decay. European J. of Wood and Wood Products. 77: 5. 953-955.
پژوهش‌های علوم و فناوری چوب و جنگل
دوره 29، شماره 3
مهر 1401
صفحه 15-34

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار