اثر ارتفاع از سطح دریا بر توابع توزیع قطر، ارتفاع و مساحت تاج بلوط اوری

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسنده

استادیار، گروه جنگلداری، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی اهر، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران.

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: اجرای عملکردهای اقتصادی و غیر اقتصادی جنگل‌ها مستلزم برنامه‌ریزی و مدیریت کارآمد در جنگل است که این امر نیاز به کسب اطلاعات قابل اعتماد و حقیقی از منابع جنگلی دارد و این اطلاعات بهینه از جزئیات پارامترهای توده‌های جنگلی کسب می‌شود. مدل‌های توزیع احتمال انواع پارامترهای درختان توده، اطلاعات بسیار مفیدی از تعاملات پیچیده بین درختان و محیطشان در اختیار قرار می‌دهند و به‌طور دقیقی فرآیندهای رشد درختان را توصیف می‌کنند. هدف مطالعه حاضر توسعه مدل‌های توزیع مناسب برای قطر، ارتفاع و مساحت تاج درختان بلوط اوری (Quercus macranthera Fisch. & Mey.) در جنگل ارسباران و ارزیابی اثر ارتفاع از سطح دریا بر این مدل‌ها است.
مواد و روش‌ها: نمونه‌برداری به روش انتخابی از توده‌های بلوط اوری واقع در جنگل ارسباران در مختصات 38 درجه و 57 دقیقه عرض شمالی تا 47 درجه و 17 دقیقه طول شرقی در سه دامنه ارتفاعی 1200 تا 1300، 1300 تا 1400 و 1500 تا 1600 متر بالاتر از سطح دریا که این گونه بیشترین حضور را داشت و در قطعه‌های نمونه به ابعاد 100 × 100 متر در سه تکرار انجام شد. در داخل قطعات نمونه قطر برابر سینه، ارتفاع کل و دو قطر عمود برهم تاج تمام درختان، اندازه‌گیری صد درصد شد. محاسبه آماره‌های کمی و مقایسه میانگین‌ها با استفاده از آنالیز واریانس و آزمون توکی در محیط نرم افزار SPSS 16 بررسی شد و بررسی انواع توزیع‌های آماری در نرم افزارEasyfit 5.5 انجام شد و توابع توزیع احتمال پارامترهای قطر برابر سینه درختان، ارتفاع و مساحت تاج درختان با استفاده از آزمون نیکویی برازش کولموگروف-اسمیرنوف در سطح اطمینان 95 و 99 درصد، بررسی و گزارش شد.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که بهترین تابع برای توزیع قطر برابر سینه درختان در ارتفاع اول، دوم و سوم به ترتیب توزیع بتا، نرمال و بتا بود. آزمون نیکویی برازش برای ارتفاع درختان نشان داد که درختان در ارتفاع اول توزیع ویبول و در ارتفاع دوم و سوم توزیع بتا داشتند. مساحت تاج درختان نشان داد که توزیع‌های ویبول در ارتفاع اول و بتا برای ارتفاع دوم و سوم مناسب‌ترین مدل‌ها برای نشان دادن توزیع احتمال این پارامتر بودند. همچنین قطر درختان در سه دامنه ارتفاعی تفاوت معنی‌داری نشان ندادند، درحالی‌که ارتفاع درختان در مناطق مرتفع‌تر به‌طور معنی‌داری بیشتر بود و تاج درختان به شدت تحت تأثیر افزایش ارتفاع از سطح دریا بوده و تفاوت معنی‌داری را در هر سه ارتفاع نشان داد (05/0 ≤ p).
نتیجه‌گیری: براساس نتایج حاصل از مطالعه حاضر، ارتفاع از سطح دریا عامل مؤثری بر ارتفاع و مساحت تاج درختان بلوط اوری بود و عامل اثرگذار بر ایجاد تنوع توابع توزیع احتمال قطر، ارتفاع و مساحت تاج درختان بلوط اوری در جنگل ارسبارن محسوب می‌شود که می‌تواند ناشی از اثر ارتفاع بر عوامل محیطی جنگل مانند آب و هوا، خاک، رطوبت و همچنین ویژگی‌های فیزیولوژیکی درختان باشد. اطلاعات حاصل می‌تواند نتایج قابل استنادی در اختیار مدیران و تصمیم گیرندگان برنامه‌ریزی جنگل‌های ارسباران قرار دهد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of elevation on distribution functions of diameter, height, and canopy area of Caucasian oak

نویسنده [English]

  • Roya Abedi
Department of Forestry/Ahar faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources
چکیده [English]

Background and Objectives: Implementation of economic and non-economic functions of forests requires efficient planning and management, which requires reliable and dedicated information from forest resources, and the optimal information obtained from the details of forest stands parameters. The probability distribution models of various tree parameters provide helpful information about the complex interactions between trees and their environment and accurately describe tree growth processes. This study aims to develop suitable distribution models for the diameter, height, and canopy area of Caucasian oak trees in the Arasbaran forest and evaluate the effect of elevation on these models.
Materials and Methods: A selective sampling plot (with 100 × 100 meters dimensions) was designed in Caucasian oak stands located in Arasbaran Forest at 38 degrees and 57 minutes of north latitude to 47 degrees and 17 minutes of east longitude at three elevations including 1200-1300, 1300-1400, and 1500-1600 meter above sea level in three replications, which was the most present for the Caucasian oak tree. The diameter at breast height, the total height, and the two diameters of all trees’ canopy were measured inside each sampling plot. Quantitative statistics and comparison of means were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey tests in SPSS 16 software and various statistical distributions were performed in Easyfit 5.5 software. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov fit goodness test was evaluated and reported at 95% and 99% confidence levels.
Results: The results showed that the best function for the diameter distribution at the first, second, and third elevations were Beta, Normal, and Beta distributions, respectively. Fit goodness test for tree height showed that the trees had Weibull distribution at the first elevation and Beta distribution at the second and third elevations. The canopy area of the trees showed that the Weibull distributions at the first elevation and the Beta distribution at the second and third elevations were the most suitable models to show the probability distribution of this parameter. In addition, the diameter of trees in the three elevations does not have a significant difference. In comparison, the height of trees in more elevated areas was significantly higher, and the canopy of trees was strongly affected by the increase in elevation and showed a significant difference in all elevations (p≤ 0.05).
Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, elevation is an influential factor in the height and canopy area of Caucasian oak trees. It is a factor in the diversity of probability distribution functions of diameter, height, and canopy area of Caucasian oak trees in the Arasbarn forest, which can be caused by the effect of various elevations on the environmental factors such as weather, soil, humidity and also the physiological characteristics of trees. This information provides reliable results for managers and decision-makers of Arasbaran forests.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Arasbaran forest
  • Fitting model
  • Forestry
  • Probability distribution
  • Quercus macranthera
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