اثر جنگل‌کاری بر برخی مشخصه‌های خاک و پوشش علفی کف جنگل کُلِت در استان مازندران

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری ، علوم زیستی جنگل، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، ساری، مازندران، ایران.

2 استاد ، گروه علوم و مهندسی جنگل، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، ساری، مازندران، ایران.

3 استادیار ، گروه علوم و مهندسی جنگل، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، ساری، مازندران، ایران.

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: جنگل‌های دست‌کاشت می‌توانند بر تنوع گونه‌های گیاهی و خصوصیات خاک یک منطقه اثرگذار باشند. بدین منظور در پژوهش حاضر به بررسی اثرات توده‌های 25 ساله جنگل‌کاری‌شده با گونه‌های پلت، توسکا ییلاقی و زربین بر تنوع‌زیستی گیاهی و پوشش کف جنگل و برخی از خصوصیات فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک در مقایسه با جنگل طبیعی (ممرز و راش) در جنگل کُلِت استان مازندران پرداخته شد.
مواد و روش‌ها: در هر توده جنگل‌کاری‌شده که درختان در فاصله ۲۲ متر کاشته شدند و توده طبیعی مجاور آن تعداد ده قطعه-نمونه ۴۰۰ مترمربعی (۲۰۲۰ متر) به‌صورت انتخابی با ابعاد شبکه آماربرداری ۱۰۰۱۰۰ متر پیاده شد. سپس فهرست کلیه گونه-های علفی و وفور (درصد پوشش) آنها ثبت شد. همچنین در هر قطعه‌نمونه اقدام به برداشت یک نمونه خاک از چهار گوشه و مرکز آن به عمق ۰-۱۵ سانتی‌متر شد، سپس این نمونه‌ها باهم مخلوط و یک نمونه ترکیبی به‌منظور مطالعه مشخصه‌های فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک (جرم مخصوص ظاهری، بافت خاک، واکنش خاک، هدایت الکتریکی، کربن آلی، ازت کل، فسفر و پتاسیم قابل‌جذب) در آزمایشگاه تهیه شد. همچنین به بررسی شاخص‌های غنای (مارگالف و منهنیک)، یکنواختی (شانون- وینر) و تنوع (سیمپسون و شانون- وینر) نیز پرداخته شد.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد توده‌های جنگل‌کاری‌شده از نظر میزان واکنش خاک (۰۵/۰>P )، پتاسیم قابل‌جذب، رس و درصد رطوبت نسبی خاک با جنگل طبیعی اختلاف معنی‌داری داشتند (۰۱/۰>P ). همچنین، به‌ترتیب مقدار واکنش خاک و پتاسیم قابل‌جذب در توده پلت (۹۹/۶ ،۵۱/۹۰۴ میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم) بیشترین میزان و کم‌ترین آن در توده طبیعی (۱۸/۶، ۵۲/۵۵۷ میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم) مشاهده شد. از طرفی بالاترین درصد رس در توده طبیعی (۵۷/۴۳ درصد) و کم‌ترین درصد آن در توده توسکا (۳۲/۳۹ درصد) بود. رطوبت نسبی نیز در توده پلت (۷۸/۴۰ درصد) بیشترین میزان و در توده زربین (۱۲/۲۰ درصد) کمترین مقدار به خود اختصاص داده است. اما سایر متغیرهای خاک اختلاف معنی‌داری با توده طبیعی نشان ندادند. میزان غنای مارگالف و منهنیک در چهار توده دارای تفاوت معنی‌داری بود (۰۵/۰>P )، شاخص تنوع (سیمپسون،۵۸/۰)، (شانون- وینر، ۲۶/۱) و غنای (مارگالف، ۰۰/۲)، (منهنیک، ۵۷/۱) نیز در توده طبیعی بیشتر از توده‌های جنگل‌کاری‌شده بود و شاخص یکنواختی (شانون- وینر، ۸۲/۰) در توده زربین بیشترین مقدار را نشان داد. تحلیل رگرسیون چندگانه متغیرهای خاکی با دو محور اول و دوم تحلیل DCA حاکی از آن است که تنها پتاسیم در تفکیک و تمایز توده‌های گیاهی منطقه مؤثر واقع شده است و چهار توده مورد مطالعه از نظر ترکیب پوشش گیاهی زیرآشکوب قابل تفکیک و تمایز هستند.
نتیجه‌گیری: به‌طورکلی نتایج پژوهش حاضر نشان داد که شاخص‌های غنای گونه‌های علفی و همچنین مشخصات رطوبت، واکنش خاک و پتاسیم قابل‌جذب تحت تأثیر جنگل‌کاری تغییر کرده و طبق تحلیلDCA مهم‌ترین مؤلفه مؤثر در تفکیک توده‌های گیاهی پتاسیم قابل‌جذب است. همچنین بررسی شاخص‌های تنوع‌زیستی حاکی از بالا بودن شاخص‌های تنوع و غنا با توجه به آمیختگی گونه‌ها در توده طبیعی (ممرز و راش) نسبت به توده‌های جنگل‌کاری‌شده سوزنی‌برگ (زربین) بود. به عبارتی نتایج نشان‌دهنده نقش حفاظتی بیشتر توده‌های پهن‌برگ (پلت و توسکا) و توده طبیعی (ممرز و راش) نسبت به توده سوزنی‌برگ (زربین) برای غنا و تنوع گونه‌های علفی و نگهداری پایدار جوامع زیرآشکوب در منطقه کُلِت است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The effect of refforestation on some soil properties and understory vegetation in Kolt forests of Mazandaran province

نویسندگان [English]

  • Khadijeh Asghari aghozgoleh 1
  • Hamid Jalilvand 2
  • Hamed Asadi 3
1 Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Mazandaran, Iran
2 Department of Forest Science and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Sari,
3 Department of Forest Science and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Sari,
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: Reforestation stands can effect on diversity of plant species and soil characteristics of an area. In this study, the effects of 25-year-old reforestation stands with Acer velutinum Bioss., Alnus subcordata C. A. M. and Cupressus sempervirens species on plant biodiversity, understory vegetation and some physico-chemical of soil properties were studied compared with natural forest (Carpinus betulus and Fagus orientalis) in the Kolet forests of Mazandaran province.
Materials and methods: In each reforested stands and natural forest, ten plots (2020 meters) were selectively sampled in transects which were 100-m stretches systematically. Then, the list of all herbaceous species and their abundance (cover percentage) was recorded. Also, in each sample plot, a soil sample was taken from the four corners and its center at a depth of 0-15 cm, then these samples were mixed together and a composite sample were taken to study the physic-chemical characteristics of the soil (bulk density, soil texture, acidity, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, total nitrogen, absorbable phosphorus and potassium). The indices of richness (Margalf and Menhenic), evenness (Shannon-Wiener) and diversity (Simpson and Shannon-Wiener) were also studied.
Results: The results showed that reforested stands were significantly different from natural forest (control) in terms of soil reaction rate (P <0.05), potassium, clay and relative soil moisture (P <0.01). Also, the amount of acidity and absorbable potassium reaction in Acer velutinum Bioss mass (6.99, 904.51 mg kg-1) was the highest and lowest in natural mass (6.18, 557.57 mg / kg). It was observed that the highest percentage of clay in natural mass (43.57%) and the lowest percentage in Alnus subcordata mass (39.32%) and the relative moisture in Acer velutinum Bioss mass (40.78%) was the highest and It has the lowest value in Cupressus sempervirens mass (20.12%). But other soil variables did not show significant differences with natural forest. Margalf and Manhenic richness in the four reforestation stands was significantly different (P <0.05). The diversity indices (Simpson, 0.58 and Shannon-Wiener, 1.26) and the richness (Margalf, 2.00 and Mannick, 1.57) were higher in the natural forest than four reforestation stands and the evenness index (Shannon-Wiener, 0.82) showed the highest value in the Cupressus sempervirens stand. Multiple regression of soil variables with the first and second axes of DCA analysis indicates that only potassium has been effective in the separation and differentiation of vegetation in the area and the four studied stands can be distinguished in terms of understory vegetation.
Conclusion: In general, the results of the present study showed that the richness indices of understory vegetation species as well as the characteristics of moisture, soil reaction and adsorbable potassium changed under the influence of reforestation and according to DCA analysis is the most important component in mass segregation. Potassium is an absorbable plant. Also, the study of biodiversity indices showed that the diversity and richness indices were higher due to the fusion of species in the natural massif (Carpinus betulus and Fagus orientalis) compared to the reforested massifs of conifers (Cupressus sempervirens). In other words, the results show a greater protective role of broadleaf stands (Acer velutinum Bioss and Alnus subcordata C.A.M) and natural stands (Carpinus betulus and Fagus orientalis) than needle stands (Cupressus sempervirens) for richness and diversity of understory vegetation species and sustainable maintenance of communities the underside is in the Kolet area.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Keywords: Vegetation restoration
  • DCA analysis
  • Species diversity
  • Physico-chemical soil properties
  • Cupressus sempervirens
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