پویایی عناصر غذایی در باران، تاج‎بارش و لاشریزه درختان ممرز در جنگل‎های خزری شمال ایران (مطالعه موردی: جنگل شصت کلاته گرگان)

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار، گروه جنگلشناسی و اکولوژی جنگل، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران،

2 استادیار پژوهش، بخش تحقیقات منابع طبیعی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان هرمزگان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، بندرعباس، ایران،

3 دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد جنگل شناسی و اکولوژی جنگل، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: چرخه عناصر غذایی در جنگل، ارتباط تنگاتنگی به چرخه هیدرولوژیکی دارد زیرا آب به عنوان حلال اصلی و انتقال عناصر غذایی از تاج و لاشریزه به خاک می‎باشد. هدف از این پژوهش بررسی تغییرات ماهانه و سالانه سدیم، پتاسیم و کلسیم در آبشویی تاج و لاشریزه گونه ممرز (Carpinus betulus L.) در طول سال و مقایسه آن‎ با عناصر غذایی موجود در آب باران در توده آمیخته می‎باشد.
مواد و روش‎ها: این تحقیق از تاریخ بهمن 1390 تا تاریخ بهمن 1391 در توده آمیخته‎ای در جنگل شصت‎کلاته (جنگل پژوهشی دانشگاه گرگان) انجام گرفت. در منطقه مورد مطالعه در یک مساحت 5000 متر مربعی، 3 درخت نمونه سالم، با تاجی متقارن و آزاد و تنه‎ای متقارن، برای بررسی مشخصه‎های شیمیایی تاج‎بارش و آبشویی لاشریزه، انتخاب شد. نمونه‏های باران، آبشویی تاج و لاشریزه، به مدت یک سال، بعد از هر بارندگی جمع‎آوری شد. ظروف جمع‎آوری بعد از هر باران بلافاصله خالی و قبل از جایگذاری، با آب دوبار تقطیر شستشو شد. برای تجزیه محتوی شیمیایی آبشویی تاج، لاشریزه و باران، نمونه‎ها به آزمایشگاه دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی گرگان انتقال و در دمای 4 درجه سانتی‎گراد نگهداری شد. غلظت عناصر سدیم، پتاسیم و کلسیم با استفاده از دستگاه فلیم فتومتری اندازه‎گیری شد. جهت بررسی مقدار عناصر آب‎شویی شده در تاج و لاشریزه در مقایسه با آب باران و همچنین بررسی تغییرات ماهانه عناصر آبشویی شده در طول سال، به‎ترتیب از آنالیز آماری تی تست و آنالیز واریانس یکطرفه در سطح احتمال 95 درصد استفاده شد.
یافته‎ها: نتایج نشان داد میزان آبشویی عنصر سدیم در تاج‎بارش با مقدار 37/116 کیلوگرم در هکتار در سال و عناصر سدیم و پتاسیم در آبشویی لاشریزه (79/78 و 45/158 کیلوگرم در هکتار در سال) به‎طور معنی‎داری کمتر از مقادیر سدیم و پتاسیم در آب باران با مقادیر 82/172 و 72/217 کیلوگرم در هکتار در سال بود. همچنین میزان آبشویی عناصر در آبشویی تاج و لاشریزه در ماه‎های مختلف در طول سال، بطور معنی‎داری متفاوت بود. بیشترین مقدار آبشویی عناصر سدیم، پتاسیم و کلسیم در تاج بارش با مقادیر به‎ترتیب 51/24، 30/58، 14/3 کیلوگرم در هکتار و سدیم (93/19 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و کلسیم (17/4 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در آبشویی لاشریزه در ماه مهر بود. همچنین کمترین میزان آبشویی عناصر سدیم، پتاسیم و کلسیم در دو لایه تاج (84/0، 22/3 و 15/0 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و لاشریزه (45/0، 52/0 و 03/0 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در ماه شهریور مشاهده شد.
نتیجه‎گیری کلی: در طول این فرایند پیچیده مشخص شد در مبادله عناصر در تاج حین بارش، تاج گونه ممرز بر خلاف انتظار تمایل کمتری به انتشار عناصر از بافت‎های شاخ و برگ خود و آبشویی آن دارد و بیشتر تمایل دارند عناصر را از آب باران جذب نموده و بخشی از نیاز غذایی خود را از این طریق برطرف نمایند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Nutrient dynamics in rainfall, troughfall and litterflow of Hornbeam trees in the Caspian forests of northern Iran (Case study:Shstkolateh Forest)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hashem Habashi 1
  • Maryam Moslehi 2
  • Elham Ehabani 3
1
2
3
چکیده [English]

Background and objective: Nutrient cycles in forests are tightly linked to the hydrological cycle because water acts as the main solvent and transporting agent for nutrient from the aboveground tree canopy to the underlying soil. The aim of this research was to evaluate the monthly and annual changes in chemical properties (calcium, sodium and potassium) of the canopy and litter leaching of hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) trees during a year compared with nutrients in rainfall (RF).
Material and Methods: This study occurred from January 2012 to February 2013 in a mixed natural stand at the Shastkolate Forest research Station of the University of Gorgan with similar allometric characteristics. For sampling of RF, throughfall (TF) and litterfall (LF) chemistry. RF, TF and LF were sampled on an event basis within a year. The collectors were emptied after each incident rainfall (as soon as rain ceased) and were thoroughly rinsed with deionized water and dried before being replaced. To analyze the chemical content of RF, TF and LF, samples were transported to the laboratory of Gorgan University and stored at 4 ºC. The concentration of sodium (Na+), potassium (K+) and calcium (Ca2+) were determined by flame photometer. In order to compare amount of nutrients in TF and LF with RF and monthly nutrient dynamics of TF and LF, we used t-test analysis and the one way variance analysis.
Results: Results showed that Na+ amount in TF (116.37 kg ha-1year-1), and K+ and Na+ amounts in LF (158.45 and 78.79 kg ha-1year-1), were significantly lower than K+ and Na+ (217.72 and 172.82 kg ha-1year-1) in RF (p < 0.05). Also amounts of nutrient leaching of TF and LF in various months were different significantly. The highest leaching amounts of Na+, K+ and Ca2+ were observed for TF, 24.51, 58.30 and 3.14 kg. ha-1, respectively. However highest amounts of Na+ and Ca2+ were measured in October for LF; 19.93 and 4.17 kg. ha-1, respectively. Also the lowest leaching of Na+, K+ and Ca2+ of TF (0.84, 3.22 and 0.15 kg ha-1 respectively) and LF (0.45, 0.52 and 0.03 kg ha-1 respectively) were measured in September.
Conclusion: In this complex process, in crown cation exchange, the absorption tendency of hornbeam crown was higher than its cation diffusion from leaf and branch tissues, so hornbeam crown tend to absorb nutrition from RF to remove its nutrient need.
Key words: Crown leaching, litter leaching, monthly dynamics of base cations, hornbeam species.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Crown leaching
  • litter leaching
  • monthly dynamics of base cations
  • hornbeam species
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