بررسی ترکیب و تنوع گیاهان علفی پس از آتش‌سوزی در جنگل‌های بلوط ایرانی، زاگرس جنوبی

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد جنگلداری/دانشگاه یاسوج

2 استادیار گروه جنگلداری/دانشگاه یاسوج

3 دانشجوی دکتری مرتعداری/دانشگاه مازندران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: جنگل‌های زاگرس که عمدتا جزو جنگل‌های نیمه‌خشک و شاخه‌زاد هستند از خطر آتش‌سوزی در امان نبوده و آتش بطور مداوم این جنگل‌ها را تحت تأثیر قرار می‌دهد. مطالعه تغییر در ترکیب و مقدار پوشش گیاهی در عرصه‌های دچار آتش‌سوزی می‌تواند علاوه بر تعیین شدت تخریب، میزان توانایی بازسازی منطقه را مشخص سازد. هدف از انجام این تحقیق بررسی ترکیب، تنوع و پاسخ گیاهان علفی پس از آتش‌سوزی در جنگل‌های شاخه‌زاد بلوط ایرانی در منطقه تولگهی در استان کهگیلویه و بویراحمد است.
مواد و روش‌ها: آتش‌سوزی در تابستان 1389 صورت گرفت و ویژگی‌های پوشش گیاهی علفی شامل ترکیب و تنوع گیاهان علفی پس از گذشت 4 سال از آتش‌سوزی اندازه‌گیری شد. برای برداشت پوشش علفی در داخل هر قطعه نمونه اصلی 1000 متر مربعی (که به صورت تصادفی منظم در یک شبکه آماربرداری 100×50 متر جهت اندازه‌گیری خصوصیات جنگلشناسی طراحی شده بود)، 5 ریز قطعه ‌نمونه یک متر مربعی در مرکز و چهارگوشه‌ی قطعه نمونه اصلی برداشت و نوع گونه و درصد پوشش آن تخمین زده شد. در مجموع در دو منطقه آتش‌سوزی شده و شاهد تعداد 200 ریز قطعه ‌نمونه (در هر منطقه 100 ریز قطعه‌ نمونه) مورد اندازه گیری قرار گرفت. برای محاسبه شاخص‌های تنوع از نرم افزار PAST و جهت بررسی پاسخ گروهی کل گونه‌های گیاهی به آتش‌سوزی از آنالیز افزونگی (RDA) در نرم افزار Canoco 4.5 استفاده شد.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد از 72 گونه علفی شناسایی شده، 22 گونه فقط در منطقه آتش‌سوزی و 9 گونه نیز تنها در منطقه شاهد حضور داشته و 41 گونه بین دو منطقه مشترک بودند. نتایج مقایسه میانگین‌ها نشان داد که از بین گونه‌های گیاهی مختلف ، 17 گونه از لحاظ درصد تاج پوشش پاسخ معنی‌داری نسبت به آتش‌سوزی داشتند. آتش‏سوزی موجب شد تا درصد تاج‌پوشش تیره‌های Gramineae و Rubiaceae به طور معنی‌داری نسبت به شاهد افزایش یابد. نتایج بررسی شاخص‌های تنوع گونه‌ای نشان داد که بین دو منطقه شاهد و آتش‌سوزی شده از لحاظ این شاخص‌ها هیچ اختلاف معنی‌داری وجود ندارد. نتایج آنالیز چند متغیره تحلیل افزونگی (RDA) نیز نشان داد که گونه‌های علفی پاسخ‌های متفاوتی نسبت به آتش‌سوزی داشتند، به طوری‌که درصد تاج‌‌پوشش گونه‌های Onobrychis sativa، Orobanche sp.، Hordeum glaucum، Pimpinella sp.، Bellevalia sp. Bromus danthoniae، Bromus tectorum و Chardinia orientalis در منطقه آتش‌سوزی بیشتر بود.
نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج تحقیق پیش‌رو نشان داد که آتش‌سوزی عامل مهم و تأثیر‌گذاری است که پس از گذشت 4 سال از وقوع آن؛ موجب افزایش معنی‌دار گندمیان و پهن‌برگان یک‌ساله و در مقابل کاهش معنی‌دار گندمیان و پهن‌برگان چندساله در پوشش علفی زیر اشکوب جنگل‌های بلوط ایرانی شده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Survey of composition and diversity of herbaceous plants after a fire in Persian Oak forests of Southern Zagros

نویسندگان [English]

  • Jalal Chamandeh 1
  • Sohrab Alvaninejad 2
  • Parviz Gholami 3
1
2
3
چکیده [English]

Abstrcat
Background and Objectives: The Zagros forests, mostly located in semi-arid regions, are not safe from fire hazards, and fire affects these coppice forests continuously. Studying the change in the composition and quantity of vegetation in the areas exposed to fire can determine the extent of damage, and the potential of the region for reclamation. The aim of this study was to investigate the composition, diversity, and response of understory herbaceous plants to fire in the Persian oak forests in the Tulgahi region of Kohgilouyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province.
Materials and Methods: The fire took place in the summer of 2010. Four years after the fire, the characteristics of herbaceous vegetation, including composition and biodiversity of plants, were measured. Sampling of herbaceous plants was carried out within each main plot of 1000 square meters (designed to measure the forest parameters with systematic random sampling in a 50 by 100 meter grid), five subplots of one square meter were sampled in the center and four angles of main plots and the species type and cover percentage were recorded. In total, 200 subplots were measured in the fire and control regions (100 subplots at each region). The diversity indices were calculated in the PAST software, and plant species response to fire was determined with redundancy analysis (RDA) using Canoco 4.5.
Results: The results showed that out of 72 herbaceous species identified, 22 species were exclusively found in the fire region, 9 species exclusively in the control region, and 41 species were shared between the two regions. The results of mean comparisons showed that among the study species, 17 species had a significant response to the fire in terms of canopy cover percentage. The fire caused the canopy cover percentage of Rubiaceae and Gramineae to increase significantly compared to control. The results of biodiversity indices revealed that no significant difference was found between the two regions in terms of biodiversity indices. The redundancy analysis (RDA) results showed that herbaceous species had different responses to fire, so that canopy cover species of Onobrychis sativa, Orobanche sp., Hordeum glaucum, Pimpinella sp., Bellevalia sp., Bromus donthoniae, Bromus tectorum and Chardinia orientalis were increased in the regions where fire occurred.
Conclusion: The results of this research showed that fire was an important and effective factor, causing to increase of grasses and annual forbs significantly after four years of its occurrence. In contrast, the presence of perennial grasses and forbs was decreased significantly by fire in the understory of Persian oak forests.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Forest fire
  • Redundancy analysis
  • diversity indices
  • Zagros forests
1. Assadi, M., Masumi, A.A., Khatamsaz, M., and Mozaffarian, V. 1991-2005. Flora of Iran,
No. 1-43. Res. Ins. For. Rang. Pres., Tehran. (In Persian)
2. Atrakchaei, A. 2002. Study of fire effects on vegetation changes in Golestan national park.
MSc thesis of Rangeland Science. University of Mazandaran. 83p. (In Persian)
3. Azarnivand, H., and Zare Chahooki, M.A. 2008. Rangeland restoration. Tehran Univ. Press,
354p. (In Persian)
4. Baghestani Maybodi, N., and Zare, M.T. 2007. Fire behavior on range plants yield and its
application for improvement of steppic rangelands of Yazd province. J. Rang. Sci., 1(4):
327- 341. (In Persian)
5. Baghestani Maybodi, N., Farahpour, M., and Zare, M.T. 2010. Effects of fire on vegetation
cover in steppe rangelands of Iran (case study: rangelands of Yazd province). J. Environ.
Sci., 7(3): 37-42. (In Persian)
6. Banj Shafiei, A. 2006. The effects of fire on ecological characteristics of North forests of
Iran Case study in section 4 Chelir, Kheyroudkenar, (Watershed number 45 Golband,
Nowshahr). Doctoral thesis in forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Science,
Tarbiate Modares Uni., 190p. (In Persian)
7. Banj Shafiei, A., Akbarinia, M., Jalali, S.Gh., Azizi, P., and Hosseini, S.M. 2007. The effects
of fire on forest structure: Case study in section 4 Chelir,Kheyroudkenar, (Watershed
number 45 Golband, Nowshahr). Journal of Pajouhesh and Sazandegi, 76: 105-112. (In
Persian)
8. Baranian, E., Basiri, M., Bashri, H., and Tarkesh, M. 2014. The effect of size and shape of
plots on the accuracy and number of samples in study of density and canopy cover. J. Rang.,
8(1): 25-36. (In Persian)
9. Cain, S.A. 1938. The species-area curve. Amer. Midl. Nat., 19: 573-581.
10. Chaneton, E.J., and Facelli, J.M. 1991. Disturbance effects on plant community diversity:
spatial scales and dominance hierarchies. Plant Ecol., 93: 143-155.
11. Clarke, S., and French, K. 2005. Germination response to heat and smoke of 22 Poaceae
species from grassy woodlands. Aust. J. Bot., 53: 445-454.
12. Fenner, M., and Thompson, K. 2005. The Ecology of Seeds. Cambridge University Press.
13. Ghahraman, A. 1975-2005. Colorful Flora of Iran. Vol.1-26. Research Institute of Forests
and Rangelands Press, (In Persian)
14. Gholami, P., Ghorbani, J., and Shokri, M. 2012. The similarity between species composition
of vegetation and soil seed bank under different grazing intensities in Mahoor, Mammasani
rangelands, Fars Province. Journal of Range and Watershed Management, Iranian Journal of
Nat. Res., 64(4): 437-451.
15. Gonzalez, S., and Ghermandi, L. 2004. Postfire seed bank dynamics in semiarid grassland.
Plant Ecol., 187: 234-246.
16. Hamzeh'ee, B., Khanhasani, M., Khodakarami, Y., and Nemati, P.M. 2008. Floristic and
hytosociological study of Chaharzebar forests in Kermanshah. Iran J. For. Pop., 16(2): 211-
229. (In Persian)
17. Haubensak, K., D’Antonio, C., and Wixon, D. 2009. Effects of fire and environmental
variables on plant structure and composition in grazed salt desert shrub lands of the Great
Basin (USA), J. Arid Environ., 73(6): 643–650.
18. Hulbert, L.C. 1969. Fire and litter effects in undisturbed bluestem prairie in Kansas. Ecol.,
50: 874- 877.
19. Jamshidi Bakhtar, A., Marvie Mohadjer, M.R., Sagheb-Talebi, KH., Namiranian, M., and
Maroufi, H. 2014. Alteration of plant diversity after fire in Zagros forest stands, case study:
Marivan forests. Iranian J. For. Pop. Res., 21(3): 529-541. (In Persian)
20. Jazirehi, M.H., and Ebrahimi Rostaghi, M. 2005. Silviculture in Zagros. Tehran Univ. Press.
560p. (In Persian)
21. Keeley, J.E., Lubin, D., and Fortheringham, C.J. 2003. Fire and grazing impacts on plant
diversity and alien plant invasions in the Southern Sierra Nevada. Eco. App., 13(5): 1355-
1374.
22. Keeley, J.E., Fotheringham, C.J., and Keeley, M.B. 2005. Determinants of post fire recovery
and succession in Mediterranean climate shrub lands of California. Ecol. App., 15(5): 1515-
1534.
23. Killgore, A., Jackson, E., and Whitford, W.G. 2009. Fire in Chihuahuan Desert grassland:
Short-term effects on vegetation, small mammal populations, and faunal pedoturbation. J.
Arid Environ., 73: 1029-1034.
24. Mansouri, A. 2009. Effect of fire as an ecological factor on vegetation composition and
dynamics in semiarid rangelands (Case study: Bamo National Park of Shiraz). M.Sc. Thesis
in Rangeland Science, University of Mazandaran, 83p (In Persian)
25. Mirdavoodi, H.R., Marvi Mohadjer, M.R., Zahedi Amiri, Gh., and Etemad, V. 2013.
Distribution effects of plant diversity and invasive species in western Oak communities of
Iran (Case study: Dalab forest, Ilam). Iran J. For. Pop. Res., 21(1): 1-16. (In Persian)
26. Moreira, F., Delgado, A., Ferreira, S., Borralho, R., Oliveira, N., Inacio, M., Silva, J.S., and
Rego, F. 2003. Effects of Prescribed Fire on Vegetation Structure and Breeding Birds in
Young Pinus pinaster Stands of Northern Portugal. For. Ecol. Manag., 184: 225-237.
27. Platt, W.J., and Connell, J.H. 2003. Natural disturbances and directional replacement of
species. Ecological Monographs, 73: 507-522.
28. Pylypec, B., and Romo, J.T. 2003. Long-Term effects of burning festuca and stipa-
Agropyron Grasslands. Journal of Range Management, 56(6): 640-645.
29. Rafiee, F., Ejtahadi, H., and Jankju, M. 2014. Study of Plant diversity at different time
intervals after burning in a semiarid rangeland. J. Plant Res. (Iranian Journal of Biology),
27(5): 854-864 (In Persian)
30. Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical geographical. Oxford. Clarendon
Press, 632p.
31. Safaeian, N., and Shokri, M. 2008. The role of fire as an ecological factor in rangeland
ecosystems. Iran J. Natural Res., 51(2): 273-280. (In Persian)
32. Sarmiento, G. 1992. Adaptive strategies of perennial grasses in South American savannas.
Journal of Vegetation Science, 3: 325-336.
33. Sharifi, J., and Iemani, A.A. 2006. An evaluation of the effect of controlled firing on plant
cover change and diversity composition in Semi-Steppe Rangelands of Ardabil Province.
Iranian Journal of Natural Resource, 59(2): 517-526. (In Persian)
34. Shokri, M., Safaian, N., and Atrakchali, A. 2002. Investigation of the effects of fire on
vegetation variation in Takhti Yeylagh-Golestan national Park. Iranian Journal of Natural
Resources, 55(2): 273-282. (In Persian)
35. Tahmasebi, P. 2013. The survey of damaging effects and potential use of fire as a vegetation
management tool for Semi-Steppe Rangelands. Journal of Rangeland and Watershed
Management, 66(2): 287-298. (In Persian)
36. Thompson, K., and Grime, J.P. 1997. Seasonal variation in the seed banks of herbaceous
species in ten contrasting habitats. Journal Ecology, 67: 893–921.
37. Trabaud, L. 1994. Post-fire plant community dynamics in the Mediteranian basin. Springer,
Verlog, 107: 1-15.
38. Vahabzadeh, A.H. 2005. Principles of Environmental Science. Mashhad Univ. Press. 343p.
(Translated in Persian)
39. White, P.S., and Jentsch, A. 2001. The search for generality in studies of disturbance and
ecosystem dynamics. Progress in Botany, 62: 399-450.
40. Zida, D., Sawadogo, L., Tigabu, M., and Oden, P.C. 2007. Dynamics of sapling population
in savanna woodlands of Burkina Faso subjected to grazing,early fire and selective tree
cutting for a decade. Forest Ecology and Management, 243: 102- 115.