آسیب‌شناسی قوانین کشور در جلوگیری از تغییر کاربری اراضی جنگلی

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری مدیریت جنگل، دانشکده جنگل، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران.

2 استاد، دانشکده علوم جنگل، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران.

3 دانشیار ، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه مازندران، مازندران، ایران.

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: تغییر کاربری اراضی جنگلی در ایران سابقه طولانی داشته که در دهه‌های اخیر به‌خصوص در مناطق شمالی کشور به یک معضل مهم و کلیدی تبدیل شده است. این پدیده نه تنها بر تعادل اکولوژیکی و تنوع‌زیستی تأثیر می‌گذارد، بلکه موجب بروز مشکلات اقتصادی و اجتماعی نیز می‌شود. لذا حفاظت از این اراضی در برابر تغییر کاربری‌های غیرمجاز که یکی از تهدیدهای تخریب منابع‌طبیعی به شمار می‌رود، امری ضروری است. این تحقیق با هدف تحلیل وضعیت قوانین کشور جهت حفاظت از جنگل‌ها در برابر تغییر کاربری اراضی جنگلی و تدوین راهبردهای مقابله با تغییر کاربری انجام شده است.
مواد و روش‌ها: در ‌این تحقیق پس از استخراج مولفه‌های مدل SWOT، از طریق انجام مصاحبه‌ها با متخصصین و کارشناسان مجرب دست اندرکار در ‌امور جنگل و با تعداد 30 پرسشنامه اولیه و بحث گروهی متمرکز؛ نقاط قوت، ضعف، فرصت، تهدید‌ها‌ تدوین گردید. حجم نمونه‌ها طبق جدول کرجسی و مورگان، تعیین و نمونه‌گیری به روش تصادفی ساده انجام شد. روایی صوری و محتوایی ابزار تحقیق (پرسشنامه محقق‌ساخته) براساس نظر اساتید تایید و پایایی آن نیز از طریق محاسبه آلفای کرونباخ بررسی گردید. در نهایت بر اساس میانگین امتیازات نهایی و اجرای مدل تحلیل SWOT ، نقاط قوت، ضعف‌، فرصت‌، تهدید‌ و راهبردها شناسایی شدند.
یافته‌ها: نتایج رتبه‌بندی گویه‌ها نشان داد که جریمه‌های کیفری بازدارنده (مواد ۴۲ تا ۵۵ قانون حفاظت ۱۳۴۶ و ماده ۶۹۰ قانون مجازات) با میانگین امتیاز 94/3 و ابزارهای نظارتی پیشرفته (سامانه اطلاعات جغرافیایی، عکس هوایی ۱۳۴۶)، رأی وحدت رویه ۶۸۱ دیوان عالی کشور با میانگین امتیاز 95/3 به عنوان نقاط قوت، ابهامات و تعارضات قانونی (پراکندگی قوانین، خلأ تعاریف و ابهام در تعاریف فنی در قوانین خاص جنگل و اراضی جنگلی) با میانگین امتیاز 92/3 به عنوان نقطه ضعف، پیشرفت فناوری پایش (از قبیل سامانه اطلاعات جغرافیایی و سنجش از دور) با میانگین امتیاز 00/4 به عنوان فرصت و تغییرات اقلیمی، خشکسالی و افزایش جمعیت و تصرفات اراضی جنگلی و آتش‌سوزی‌های طبیعی با امتیاز 94/3 به عنوان تهدید دارای بالاترین اولویت هستند. همچنین یافته‌های تحلیل SWOT نشان داد که میانگین امتیاز عوامل داخلی به ترتیب 870/3 (نقاط قوت) و 866/3 (نقاط ضعف) و میانگین امتیاز عوامل خارجی به ترتیب 899/3 (فرصت ها) و 903/3 (تهدیدها) می‌باشد. با توجه به نتایج به دست آمده راهبردهای مقابله با تغییر کاربری اراضی به راهبردهای دفاعی نزدیک می‌باشد. از بین راهبردهای دفاعی؛ تشدید مقابله با تغییر کاربری غیرمجاز با استفاده از ابزارهای نظارتی موجود واعمال جریمه‌های سنگین از طریق اصلاح قوانین اهمیت بیشتری داشته است.
نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج نشان می‌دهد قوانین ایران، با قوت‌های حقوقی مانند ملی شدن (۱۳۴۱) و حفاظت از جنگل‌ها (۱۳۴۶) پتانسیل حفاظت را دارند، اما ضعف‌های ابهام (ماده ۱)، اجرایی (موازی‌کاری) و تهدیدهای اقلیمی ‌(خشکسالی) و انسانی به عنوان موانعی در مسیر جلوگیری از تغییر کاربری اراضی جنگلی قرار دارند. فرصت‌های پیشرفت فناوری پایش (سامانه اطلاعات جغرافیایی و سنجش‌ از دور) راهبردهای بازنگری قوانین و مقررات و تحول در بازنگری قوانین مرتبط با حفاظت از تغییر کاربری اراضی جنگلی را مطرح می‌کنند. در نهایت، اجرای راهبردها، حفاظت را به توسعه سبز تبدیل کرده و زمینه پایداری و حفاظت از جنگل‌ها و اراضی جنگلی را بر اساس شاخص‌های قوانین و مقررات فراهم می‌سازد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Pathology of Iranian laws in preventing forest land use change

نویسندگان [English]

  • Abbas Bay 1
  • Mohammad Hadi Moayri 2
  • Gholamhossein Abdollahzadeh 2
  • Abolhassan Shakeri 3
1 Ph.D. Student in Forest Management, Faculty of Forest, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
2 Professor, Faculty of Agricultural Management, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
3 Associate Prof., Faculty of Law, Mazandaran University, Mazandaran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and Objectives: Forest land use change in Iran has a long history, which has become challenging in recent decades, especially in the northern regions of the country. This phenomenon not only affects the ecological balance and biodiversity, but also causes economic and social problems. Therefore, protecting these lands from unauthorized land use change, which is considered one of the greatest threats to natural resource destruction, is absolutely necessary. This research was conducted with the aim of analysing the status of Iranian laws on protection related to forest land use change and developing strategies to deal with land use change in Golestan province.
Materials and Methods: In this research, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats developed through interviews with experienced specialists and experts involved in forest matters and using the focus group discussion method, with 30 initial questionnaires after extraction the model components. The sample size was determined according to the Krejci and Morgan table and sampling method was done using a simple random. The face and content validity of the research tool (researcher-made questionnaire) was assessed based on the opinions of the faculty members, and its reliability was also assessed by calculating Cronbach's alpha. Finally, based on the average final scores and implementing the SWOT analysis model, important factors in each section of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats, and strategies were identified.
Results: The results of the item rankings showed that deterrent criminal fines (Articles 42-55 of Law on the Protection 1346 and Article 690 of Penal Law) with an average score of 3.94 and advanced monitoring tools (GIS, aerial photography 1346), Supreme Court Unification Ruling No. 681 with an average score of 3.95 as strengths, ambiguities and legal conflicts (dispersion of laws, vague definitions of seedlings/shrubs) with an average score of 3.92 as weaknesses, advancement of monitoring technology (GIS, and artificial intelligence) with an average score of 4.00 as opportunities, and climate changes, drought, and increased natural fires with a score of 3.94 as threats have the highest priority. The findings of the SWOT analysis showed that the average score of internal factors is 3.870 (strengths) and 3.866 (weaknesses), respectively, and the Average score of external factors is 3.899 (opportunities) and 3.903 (threats), respectively. According to the results obtained, strategies to combat land use change are close to defensive strategies. Among the defensive strategies, the following have been more important: “Intensifying the fight against unauthorized land use change using existing monitoring tools and heavy fines.”
Conclusion: The results show that Iranian laws, with legal strengths such as nationalization (1962) and Forest protection (1967), have the potential for conseration, but the weaknesses of ambiguity (Article 1, paragraph a) and implementation (parallel work) and climate (drought) and human threats (90% change) are challenging to landuse change of forest. Advances in monitoring technologies (Geographic Information Systems, and Remote Sensing), presenting the revising strategies for laws and regulations, and transformative reforms in legal frameworks related to the protection of forest lands against land-use change. Finally, the implementation of these strategies transforms conservation into green development and provides the basis for sustainability and protection of forests based on the indicators of laws and regulations.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Landuse change
  • Forest
  • SWOT analysis
  • Golestan province

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پژوهش‌های علوم و فناوری چوب و جنگل
دوره 33، شماره 2
تیر 1405
صفحه 1-27

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