تنوع اقلیمی و پاسخ ریخت‌شناسی برگ‌ بلوط ایرانی (Quercus brantii Lindl.): مطالعه‌ی تطبیقی در پنج اقلیم متفاوت ایران

مقالات آماده انتشار

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکترا رشته علوم زیستی جنگل، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران

2 دانشیار، گروه علوم جنگل، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران.

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: درک الگوهای تغییرات صفات ریخت‌شناسی برگ در شرایط اقلیمی مختلف نقش مهمی در پیش‌بینی سازگاری و عملکرد گیاهان ایفا می‌کند. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی تنوع کمی صفات برگ و همبستگی بین آنها در پنج اقلیم مختلف ایران (نیمه‌خشک، خشک، مدیترانه‌ای، نیمه‌مرطوب و خیلی‌مرطوب) انجام شد.
مواد و روش‌ها: جنگل‌های زاگرس به دلیل تنوع اقلیمی و حضور گونه شاخص بلوط ایرانی (Quercus brantii Lind.) بستر مناسبی برای مطالعات اکوفیزیولوژیک فراهم می‌آورند. این پژوهش در استان‌های ایلام و کردستان که تفاوت‌های آشکاری در دما و بارندگی دارند انجام شد. داده‌های اقلیمی از ۱۴ ایستگاه هواشناسی گردآوری و شاخص خشکی دومارتن محاسبه شد که منجر به تفکیک منطقه به پنج طبقه اقلیمی شامل خشک، نیمه‌خشک، مدیترانه‌ای، نیمه‌مرطوب و بسیار مرطوب شد. نمونه‌برداری از برگ‌ها در تابستان ۱۴۰۲ و در اوج فصل رشد از ۱۵ منطقه با شرایط اقلیمی متفاوت انجام شد و از هر منطقه پنج درخت بالغ و سالم انتخاب و از هر درخت ۱۵ برگ برداشت شد. صفات ریخت‌شناسی شامل طول، عرض، وزن تر و خشک، مساحت و شاخص‌های مرتبط با آب برگ با دستگاه و محاسبات استاندارد اندازه‌گیری شدند. داده‌ها پس از بررسی نرمال بودن با آزمون کولموگروف–اسمیرنوف، در نرم‌افزار SPSS تحلیل شدند و مقایسه میانگین‌ها با آزمون دانکن انجام گرفت. علاوه بر آن، برای بررسی ارتباط بین صفات، همبستگی پیرسون و برای شناسایی الگوهای کلی، تحلیل مؤلفه‌های اصلی (PCA) در محیط R اجرا شد.
یافته‌ها: طول برگ در اقلیم خیلی‌مرطوب بیشترین مقدار (52/8 میلی‌متر) و در اقلیم نیمه‌مرطوب کمترین مقدار (22/7) را داشت. عرض برگ در اقلیم خیلی‌مرطوب (17/4 میلی‌متر) و خشک (11/4) بیشترین، و طول دمبرگ در اقلیم نیمه‌مرطوب (34/1 میلی‌متر) بالاترین میانگین را نشان داد. بیشترین مساحت برگ در اقلیم‌های مدیترانه‌ای (85/29 سانتی‌متر مربع) و خیلی‌مرطوب (44/28 سانتی‌متر مربع) ثبت شد. بیشترین وزن تر برگ در اقلیم خیلی‌مرطوب (62/0 گرم) و بیشترین وزن خشک برگ در اقلیم نیمه‌خشک (41/0 گرم) ثبت شد. وزن مخصوص خشک برگ در اقلیم نیمه‌خشک بالاترین (0167/0 گرم بر سانتی‌متر مربع) و در مدیترانه‌ای کمترین (0092/0 گرم بر سانتی‌متر مربع) مقدار را داشت. درصد رطوبت وزنی برگ در مدیترانه‌ای (39/46%) و خیلی‌مرطوب (36/44%) بیشترین و در نیمه‌خشک کمترین (54/%25) مقدار را نشان داد. بیشترین میزان آب برگ (28/0%) و بیشترین میزان نسبی آب برگ (95/36%) در اقلیم خیلی‌مرطوب ثبت شد. تحلیل همبستگی نشان داد که بیشتر صفات در همه اقلیم‌ها به‌ غیر از طول دمبرگ در اقلیم نیمه‌خشک با یکدیگر همبستگی مثبت و معنادار دارند.
نتیجه گیری: یافته‌ها نشان دادند که تفاوت‌های اقلیمی منجر به تغییرات معنی‌دار در صفات ریخت‌شناسی برگ می‌شود و اغلب این صفات به‌صورت یک شبکه عملکردی هماهنگ با یکدیگر تغییر می‌کنند که می‌تواند بیانگر استراتژی‌های سازگاری گیاهان در پاسخ به شرایط محیطی متفاوت باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Climatic Diversity and Morphological Responses of Persian Oak Leaves: A Comparative Study in Five Different Climatic Zones of Iran

نویسندگان [English]

  • Forough Soheili 1
  • HamidReza Naji 2
1 PhD student in Forest Biological Sciences, University of Ilam, Ilam, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Forest Sciences, University of Ilam, Ilam, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Background and Objective: Understanding the variation patterns in leaf morphological traits under different climatic conditions plays a critical role in predicting plant adaptation and performance. This study aimed to investigate the quantitative variation of leaf traits and their interrelationships across five distinct climatic zones (semi-arid, arid, Mediterranean, semi-humid, and very humid) in Iran.

Materials and Methods: The Zagros forests in the west and southwest of Iran, characterized by diverse climatic conditions and the presence of the dominant Brant`s oak (Quercus brantii) trees, provide a suitable framework for ecophysiological studies. This research was conducted in Ilam and Kurdistan provinces, which exhibit pronounced differences in temperature and precipitation. Climatic data from 14 meteorological stations were collected, and the de Martonne aridity index was calculated, allowing classification of the region into five climatic zones as mentioned above. Leaf samples were collected in the summer of 2023 at the peak of the growing season from 15 sites representing distinct climatic conditions. At each site, five healthy mature trees were selected, and 15 leaves were sampled per tree. Morphological traits, including leaf length, width, fresh and dry weight, leaf area, and water-related indices were measured using standard instruments and protocols. Data normality was assessed using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, followed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) in SPSS, with Duncan’s test applied for mean comparisons. Pearson correlation examined the trait interrelationships, and principal component analysis (PCA) was performed in R software to identify overall patterns.

Results: Leaf length was highest in the very humid zone (8.52 mm) and lowest in the semi-humid zone (7.22 mm). Leaf width peaked in the very humid (4.17 mm) and arid (4.11 mm) zones, while petiole length was highest in the sub-humid zone (1.34 mm). Leaf area was greatest in the Mediterranean (29.85 cm²) and very humid (28.44 cm²) zones. Maximum fresh leaf weight was recorded in the very humid zone (0.62 g), and maximum dry leaf weight in the semi-arid zone (0.41 g). Special leaf dry weight was highest in the semi-arid zone (0.167 g cm⁻²) and lowest in the Mediterranean zone (0.092 g cm⁻²). Leaf moisture content was highest in the Mediterranean (46.39%) and very humid (44.36%) zones and lowest in the semi-arid zone (25.54%). Leaf water content (0.28 %) and relative leaf water content (36.95%) peaked in the very humid zone. Correlation analysis revealed that most traits were positively and significantly correlated across all climatic zones, except for petiole length in the semi-arid zone.

Conclusion: The findings from the present research indicate that climatic variation leads to significant changes in the leaf morphological traits. Furthermore, these traits tend to function as a coordinated network, reflecting plant adaptive strategies in response to differing environmental conditions.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Leaf structural traits
  • Climatic variability؛ Plant adaptation؛ Persian oak (Quercus brantii)

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