پاسخ‌های مورفولوژیک نهال‌های دو ساله بنه Pistacia atlanticaDesf.)) به تنش همزمان خشکی و گردوغبار

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری ،گروه جنگلداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم‌آباد، ایران

2 استاد، گروه جنگلداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم‌آباد، ایران.

3 استادیار، گروه جنگلداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم‌آباد، ایران.

4 استادیار گروه جنگلداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم‌آباد، ایران.

چکیده

چکیده
سابقه و هدف: بنه( Pistacia atlanticaDesf) یکی از مهم‌ترین گونه‌های درختی جنگل‌های خارج از شمال است که علاوه بر حضور گسترده در مناطق رویشی ارسباران، زاگرس، ایرانو-تورانی و دامنه‌های خلیج فارس و عمانی، مانند کمربندی اطراف ایران را احاطه کرده است. جنگل‌های زاگرس به دلیل داشتن نقش حمایتی و حفاظتی از مهم ترین و حساس ترین اکوسیستم‌ها در ایران می‌ باشند که با وقوع طوفان‌های گرد و غبار و خشکسالی‌های شدید در معرض تهدید قرار دارند.
عوامل محیطی از جمله گرد و غبار و خشکی به صورت توأم میتواند موجب زوال درختان بنه گردد. این آزمایش با هدف بررسی تاثیر همزمان خشکی و گرد و غبار روی خصوصیات رویشی نهال‌های بنه، به منظور شناخت واکنش نهال به آن جهت مدیریت بهتر تنش خشکی و ریز گرد در شرایط تغییر اقلیم طراحی و اجرا گردید.
مواد و روش:پژوهش حاضر از اسفندماه 1401 تا آذر ماه 1402 در گلخانه دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه لرستان، به صورت آزمایش اسپلیت پلات در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی اجرا شد و 384 نهال بنه تحت عامل خشکی در سه سطح شامل: 100 درصد ظرفیت زراعی(بدون تنش)، 50 و 75 درصد ظرفیت زراعی و عامل گرد و غبار در چهار سطح شامل: صفر، 350، 750 و 1500 میکروگرم در مترمکعب قرار گرفتند. اتاقک‌های رشد با پوشش پلاستیکی در ابعاد 1.8×2.5×6 در داخل گلخانه احداث گردید و گلدان‌ها داخل اتاقک قرار داده شد. به منظور شبیه‌سازی خاک گلدان با خاک نهالستان جنگلی، از خاک زراعی، ماسه و کود دامی به نسبت مساوی استفاده برای تمام گلدان‌های بنه استفاده گردید. در پایان آزمایش، صفات مورفولوژیک ریشه، ساقه و برگ نهال‌ها اندازه گیری شد.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که تنش خشکی و گرد و غبار سبب تغییرات ویژگی‌های مورفولوژیک در برگ نهال‌های بنه شد، بطوریکه این ویژگی‌ها در شرایط تنش خشکی 50 درصد ظرفیت زراعی و تیمار 1500 میکروگرم در متر مکعب گرد و غبار به شدت کاهش یافت. بطور کلی، بیش‌ترین سطح برگ (8/81 سانتی‌مترمربع)، تعداد برگ (75/156 برگ در هر نهال)، طول ساقه (25/87 سانتی‌متر)، تعداد شاخه (5/39 شاخه در هر نهال)، قطر یقه (40/9 میلی‌متر)، قطر یقه (75/8 میلی‌متر) متعلق به تیمار ظرفیت زراعی 100 درصد بدون تیمار گرد و غبار بود. اثر ساده تنش خشکی برای قطر ساقه نشان داد که بیش‌ترین قطر ساقه (53/9 میلی‌متر) در ظرفیت زراعی100 درصد مشاهده گردید. وزن تر و خشک برگ، شاخه و ریشه در نهال‌های بنه نیز تحت تاثیر تنش خشکی و گرد و غبار کاهش یافت، بطوریکه بیش‌ترین وزن تر شاخه (62/16 گرم)، وزن خشک شاخه (14/10 گرم)، وزن تر ریشه (65/11 گرم)، وزن خشک ریشه (55/8 گرم)، وزن تر برگ (204/8 گرم)، وزن خشک برگ (339/5 گرم) و وزن خشک کل (033/24 گرم) در تیمار شاهد در ظرفیت زراعی 100 درصد مشاهده شد. تنش موجب افزایش حجم ریشه گردید و بیش‌ترین حجم ریشه (8/17 سانتی‌متر مکعب) در غلظت 1500 میکروگرم در متر مکعب گرد و غبار در ظرفیت زراعی 50 درصد به دست آمد.
نتیجه‌گیری: در این پژوهش مشخص شد که گرد و غبار موجب تشدید اثرات منفی تنش خشکی بر ویژگی‌های مورد بررسی گردید. ویژگی‌های مورفولوژیک بنه، در سطح تنش خشکی 50 درصد ظرفیت زراعی به شدت کاهش نشان داد و این روند، به خصوص در غلظت‌های بالاتر گرد و غبار (1500 میکروگرم در متر مکعب) نمایان شد. لذا می توان گفت یکی از عوامل زوال بنه در زاگرس پدیده همزمان گردوغبار و خشکی می‌باشد. این نتایج به درک بیشتر ما در مدیریت پایدار جنگل های زاگرس کمک می‌کند. شناخت و توسعه روش‌های مناسب جهت مدیریت پایدار جنگل‌های زاگرس و افزایش مقاومت درختان بنه در حال زوال، ضروری است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Morphological responseses to drought and dust Simultaneous stress in two-year-old seedlings of Pistacia atlanticaDesf.)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Fatemeh Pourfallahi 1
  • Babak Pilehvar 2
  • Zahra Mirazadi 3
  • vahid sayedena 4
1 PhD student, Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
2 Professor, Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.
3 Assistant Professor, Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.
4 Assistant Professor, Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Background and Objectives: Pistacia atlantica Desf. is one of the most important tree species in the non-northern forests of Iran. It is widely distributed across various vegetation regions, including Arasbaran, Zagros, Irano-Turanian, and the slopes of the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea, forming a belt around Iran. The Zagros forests are among the most critical and sensitive ecosystems in Iran due to their protective and supportive roles. However, they are threatened by severe dust storms and droughts. Environmental factors such as dust and drought can synergistically lead to the decline of Pistacia atlantica trees. This study aimed to investigate the combined effects of drought and dust on the growth characteristics of Pistacia atlantica seedlings to better understand their response and improve management strategies for drought and dust stress under changing climatic conditions.
Materials and Methods: This study was conducted from March 2023 to December 2023 in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lorestan University. A split-plot experiment was designed in a completely randomized design, involving 384 Pistacia atlantica seedlings. The seedlings were subjected to drought stress at three levels: 100% field capacity (no stress), 50%, and 75% field capacity, and dust at four levels: 0, 350, 750, and 1500 µg/m³. Growth chambers with plastic covers measuring 1.8×2.5×6 meters were constructed within the greenhouse, and the pots were placed inside the chambers. To simulate the nursery soil, a mixture of agricultural soil, sand, and manure was used in equal proportions for all pots. At the end of the experiment, the morphological traits of the roots, stems, and leaves of the seedlings were measured.
Results: The results showed that drought and dust stress significantly altered the morphological characteristics of Pistacia atlantica seedlings. These traits were severely reduced under 50% field capacity and 1500 µg/m³ dust treatment. In general, the highest leaf area (81.8 cm²), number of leaves (156.75 per seedling), stem length (87.25 cm), number of branches (39.5 per seedling), collar diameter (9.40 mm), and stem diameter (8.75 mm) were observed in the 100% field capacity treatment without dust. Simple effects of drought stress on stem diameter showed that the maximum stem diameter (9.53 mm) was recorded at 100% field capacity. Fresh and dry weights of leaves, branches, and roots of Pistacia atlantica seedlings also decreased under drought and dust stress. The highest fresh weight of branches (16.62 g), dry weight of branches (10.14 g), fresh root weight (11.65 g), dry root weight (8.55 g), fresh leaf weight (8.204 g), dry leaf weight (5.339 g), and total dry weight (24.033 g) were recorded in the control treatment at 100% field capacity. Stress increased root volume, with the highest root volume (17.8 cm³) observed in the 1500 µg/m³ dust treatment at 50% field capacity.
Conclusion: This study demonstrated that dust exacerbates the negative effects of drought stress on the examined traits. The morphological characteristics of Pistacia atlantica were significantly reduced under 50% field capacity drought stress, with this trend being more pronounced at higher dust concentrations (1500 µg/m³). Therefore, it can be concluded that the simultaneous occurrence of dust and drought is a key factor in the decline of Pistacia atlantica in the Zagros forests. These findings contribute to a better understanding of sustainable management strategies for the Zagros forests and highlight the need for developing appropriate methods to enhance the resilience of Pistacia atlantica trees against decline.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Atlas mastic, drought stress, dust
  • Zagros
  • Leaf area
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