تغییرات مشخصه‌های ساختاری توده راش‌آمیخته در آشکوب‌های مختلف درختی جنگل شصت‌کلاته گرگان

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری جنگل‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم جنگل، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان

2 دانشیار دانشکده علوم جنگل، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان

چکیده

چکیده
سابقه و هدف: ساختار بوم‌سازگان‌های ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻲ در ﻣﻘﻴﺎس زﻣﺎﻧﻲ و ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻲ دستخوش تغییرات ﻣﻲ‌شود که این تغییرات موجب پویایی و تحول می‌گردد. روند تحول در این واحدها بسیار کند است و در مدت زمان طولانی اتفاق می‌افتد. برای ارزیابی این تغییرات از مشخصه‌هایی نظیر تراکم، تاج‌پوشش و میزان آمیختگی گونه‌های درختی استفاده می‌شود. مشخصه‌های ساختاری، تنوع بوم‌شناختی و پایداری بوم‌سازگان‌های جنگلی را به خوبی نشان می‌دهند. این پژوهش با هدف مقایسه تغییرات مشخصه‌های ساختاری تراکم و تاج‌پوشش در ارتباط با تنوع گونه‌های درختی بین آشکوب‌های مختلف، همچنین رابطه این متغیرها با شاخص‌های تنوع، ﺑﻴﻦ دو دوره آﻣﺎرﺑﺮداری در ﻣﻜﺎنی ﺛﺎﺑﺖ و ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ محیطی ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ که عوامل بیرونی و غیر طبیعی کمترین سهم را در تحولات توده داشته‌اند، انجام شده است.
مواد و روش‌ها: قطعه ‌بررسی دائمی با مساحت 16 هکتار در پارسل 32 سری یک طرح جنگلداری شصت‌کلاته گرگان در ارتفاع 770 تا 920 متری از سطح دریا و در جهت‌های شمال‌غربی و غربی واقع شده است. آماربرداری در سطح قطعات نمونه یک هکتاری (100×100 متر) با روش صددرصد (سرشماری) انجام شد. تغییرات بیست‌ساله (1382 تا 1402) مشخصه‌های کمی تراکم توده، تاج‌پوشش و شاخص‌های تنوع زیستی از روش‌های معمول و استاندارد، اندازه‌گیری و از طریق تجزیه واریانس در آشکوب‌های مختلف مقایسه شد.
یافته‌ها: تراکم درختان موجود در قطعه بررسی دائمی از 31/306 به 44/275 پایه‌ در هکتار طی بیست سال کاهش یافت. تنها، گونه سایه‌پسند و غالب راش طی این مدت افزایش تراکم داشت. در سال 1382 آشکوب زیرین بیشترین سهم تراکم را داشت اما در سال 1402 به آشکوب میانی منتقل شد. میانگین درصد تاج‌پوشش نیز از 86 به 70 درصد کاهش یافت. بیشترین تراکم تاج‌پوشش در آشکوب‌های میانی و برین قرار داشت. میانگین تنوع شانون وینر در سال 1382 در سه آشکوب زیرین، میانی و برین به ترتیب (32/1، 29/1، 72/0) و در سال 1402 (49/0، 53/0، 58/0) بود. شاخص شانون وینر نسبت به سایر شاخص‌ها قضاوت بهتری از تنوع گونه‌ای در قطعه مورد بررسی ارائه ‌داد.
نتیجه‌گیری: قطعه مورد بررسی، یک راشستان آمیخته‌ای است که گونه سایه‌پسند راش در آن غالب بوده. آمیختگی بیشتر گونه‌های درختی، پایداری بوم‌سازگان جنگل را به همراه خواهد داشت. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد شاخص‌های تنوع گونه‌ای تنها یکی از روش‌های ارزیابی و تفسیر بوم‌سازگان‌های جنگلی هستند و باید به سایر ویژگی‌ها هم توجه کرد. پایش دوره‌ای این شاخص‌ها روند تغییرات بوم‌سازگان جنگل را به درستی نشان می‌دهد. نتایج حاصل از شاخص‌های مورد استفاده در این پژوهش با توجه به دست نخورده بودن تودة جنگلی بررسی شده می‌تواند مبنای ارزیابی و مقایسه با جنگل‌های مشابه باشد.
واژه‌های کلیدی: تغییرات ساختار، تنوع، آشکوب، توده راش آمیخته

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Changes of structural attributes mixed beech stand in different tree stories Shastkalateh forest, Gorgan

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hossein Ghorbani 1
  • Ramin Rahmani 2
  • Hashem Habashi 2
1 Ph.D. Student in Silviculture and Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forest Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan
2 Associate Professor, Faculty of Forest Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan
چکیده [English]

Abstract
Background and objectives: Structure of forest ecosystems undergoes changes in the temporal and spatial scale that this changes cause development. Development process is very slow and takes place in long term in this unites. For evaluation of this changes are used density, canopy and mixing amount. Structural attributes, show the ecological diversity and sustainability of forest ecosystems well. We conducted this study to compare changes in the structural attributes of density and canopy with diversity of tree species between different stories, as well the relationship these variables with diversity indices, between two periods of inventory in fixed location and natural environment where external factors have the least proportion in stand development.
Materials and methods: Permanent sample plot with an area of 16 ha is located at 770-920 elevation and Northwest and west directions in 32 compartment, district one Shast Kalateh forest. Inventory was carried out using 100 % sampling method with 1 ha sample plot. Differences from 2003 to 2023 quantitative attributes of density, canopy and biodiversity indices were measured with standard method and compared through ANOVA in different stories.

Results: The density of trees in the investigated plot reduced from 306.31 to 275.44 trees per hectare in 2003 and 2023. Only, Beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) species increased in density during this period. The highest frequency of tree individual belonged to under story in 2003, but in 2023, it was transferred to middle story. The average crown coverage percentage reduced from 86% to 70%. The highest amount of canopy percentage assigned to middle and upper stories. The average of Shannon's heterogeneity in 2003 in three story was (1.32, 1.29, 0.72) and in 2023 (0.49, 0.53, 0.58) respectively. The Shannon Wiener diversity index provided a better judgment of the species diversity in the investigated plot than other indices.

Conclusion: The investigated plot is a Mixed beech stand in which Beech shade tolerance species is dominant. Mixing more tree species while increasing diversity at different levels will bring stability of forest ecosystems. The results of this research showed that the indices of species diversity are only one of the methods of interpretation and evaluation of forest ecosystems and other characteristics should also be paid attention to. The periodic monitoring of this indices correctly shows changes trend of forest ecosystem. The results of used indices can be basis of evaluation and comparison with similar forest.

Keywords: Structure dynamics, Diversity, Tree strata, Mixed beech stand

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Structure of ecosystem
  • Density
  • Canopy
  • Diversity
  • Permanent sample plot
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