بررسی رقابت بین گونه ای پالونیا فورتونی (Paulownia fortunei) با برخی گونه های بومی در جنگل آموزشی و پژوهشی شصت کلاته

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری جنگل‌شناسی و اکولوژی جنگل، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم‌آباد، ایران.

2 دانشیار ، گروه جنگلداری دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه لرستان

3 دانشیار، گروه جنگل‌شناسی و اکولوژی جنگل، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم‌آباد، ایران.

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: ورود گونه‌های گیاهی غیربومی با اهداف ارائه کالاها و خدمات مختلفی انجام می‌شود. برخی از این گونه‌ها اثرات منفی در اکوسیستم نشان نمی‌دهند، در حالیکه بعضی دیگر موجب اختلال در زیستگاه‌ها می‌شوند. با توجه به این موضوع تلاش برای اطلاع از اثرات مثبت و منفی این گونه‌ها امری ضروری است. پالونیا یکی از گونه‌های چوب‌ده و تندرشد صنعتی غیربومی است که اختلاف‌نظر درباره اثرات مثبت و منفی کشت آن در عرصه‌های جنگلی و غیر جنگلی در میان صاحب‌نظران و متخصصان وجود دارد. بر اساس مطالعات انجام شده تحقیقات اندکی بر روی این گونه خصوصاً سرشت تهاجمی آن در کشور ایران انجام شده است. این پژوهش سعی دارد با تکیه بر روش‌های علمی به مطالعه توده کشت‌شده این گونه در جنگل تحقیقاتی شصت کلاته بپردازد.
مواد و روش‌ها: این مطالعه در جنگل آموزشی و پژوهشی شصت کلاته صورت گرفت. جمع‌آوری داده‌ها در یک توده آمیخته با جنگل‌کاری پالونیا و تجدیدحیات گونه‌های بومی و یک توده با تجدیدحیات طبیعی گونه‌های بومی به مساحت هر یک حدود 5/2 هکتار انجام پذیرفت. تمامی درختان با قطر برابرسینه بیش از پنج سانتیمتر اندازه‌گیری شدند. متغیرهای گونه، قطر برابرسینه (سانتی‌متر)، ارتفاع درخت (متر) و قطر تاج (متر) اندازه‌گیری و ثبت شدند. مختصات مکانی همه‌ی درختان شامل گونه غیربومی پالونیا فورتونی (Paulownia fortunei) و درختان بومی افرا پلت (Acer velutinum Bioss)، افرا شیردار (Acer cappadocicum Gled) و ممرز (Carpinus betulus L.) ثبت شد. به‌منظور بررسی کنش متقابل و تعامل بین گونه‌ها از آﻣــﺎره دومتغیره او-رﻳﻨــﮓ و تابع دومتغیره همبستگی نشان‌دار که مبتنی بر فاصله هستند، استفاده شد. جهت مقایسه متغیرهای زیست‌سنجی گونه‌های بومی در دو توده از آماره t مستقل استفاده شد.
یافته‌ها: نمودارهای حاصل از آماره‌ی او-رینگ بین گونه پالونیا و گونه‌های بومی حاکی از آن است که ارتباطات عموماً از نوع جذب یا مستقل است. همچنین نتایج برحسب توابع همبستگی نشان‌دار، نشان داد که بین گونه پالونیا و شیردار برمبنای متغیر ارتفاع درخت، ارتباطات منفی، ازنظر قطربرابرسینه و قطر تاج، تعاملات منفی و یا مستقل است. تعاملات بین گونه پالونیا و ممرز بر مبنای متغیر ارتفاع و قطر تاج مستقل و یا منفی و ازنظر متغیر قطر برابرسینه، در تمامی فواصل ارتباطات مستقل است. همچنین بین گونه پالونیا و افرا پلت، ازنظر ارتفاع و قطر تاج کنش‌ها از نوع مثبت، یا منفی و یا مستقل و از نظر قطربرابرسینه تعاملات جذب و یا مستقل نشان داده شد. به‌طور کلی نوع ارتباطات در فواصل مختلف متفاوت بود. همچنین نتایج برحسب آماره t مستقل نشان داد که میانگین قطربرابرسینه و قطر تاج گونه شیردار در منطقه جنگل‌کاری با پالونیا بیشتر و ازنظر ارتفاع اختلاف معنی‌داری ندارند. درختان ممرز از نظر ارتفاع در منطقه شاهد دارای میانگین بیشتری و ازنظر قطر تاج در منطقه جنگل‌کاری با پالونیا دارای میانگین بیشتر و ازنظر قطربرابرسینه اختلاف معنی‌داری ندارند. درختان افرا پلت نیز میانگین قطربرابرسینه و قطر تاج آن‌ها در منطقه جنگل‌کاری با گونه پالونیا بیشتر و از نظر ارتفاع، میانگین کمتری نسبت به منطقه شاهد دارند.
نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به اینکه پالونیا گونه‌ای تندرشد است، این رشد سریع، خود را در مؤلفه‌های ارتفاع، قطربرابرسینه و تاج نشان می‌دهد؛ اما در گونه‌های بومی این سرعت رشد وجود ندارد. از طرفی نشان‌های به‌کاررفته در تابع همبستگی نشان‌دار مشتمل بر متغیرهای ارتفاع، قطربرابرسینه، قطر تاج است، بنابراین می‌توان علت تأثیر منفی در نتایج تابع همبستگی نشان‌دار و آماره t مستقل را به تفاوت سرشت و ماهیت گونه‌ها مرتبط دانست. به‌منظور معرفی یک گونه به‌عنوان مهاجم نیاز به تحقیقات جامع و مطالعه اثرات آن بر سایر جنبه‌های اکوسیستمی از قبیل تجدید حیات گونه‌های بومی، ترکیب پوشش گیاهی و خاک منطقه می‌باشد

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

An investigation of interspecific competition of Paulownia fortunei with some native species in educational and research forest of Shast-Kalate

نویسندگان [English]

  • ASMAE AMIRI GHANAT SAMAN 1
  • Babak Pilehvar 2
  • kambiz Abrarivajari 3
1 PhD student in Forestry and Forest Ecology, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran.
2 Lorestan university
3 Associate Professor, Department of Forestry and Forest Ecology, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Background and Objectives: Non-native plant species have been introduced to provide various goods and services. Some species have not shown negative effects on the ecosystem, while others cause habitat disturbances. Considering this issue, it is necessary to know these species' positive and negative effects. Paulownia is an exotic industrial tree species, and there are debates on the positive and negative effects of its plantation in forests and non-forest areas among experts and scientists. There are few studies on paulownia invasion behaviour based on the literature review in Iran. This study tries to investigate the competitive behaviour of Paulownia using scientific methods in reforested mixed stands in the educational and research forest of Shast-Kalate.
Materials and Methods: Data were collected in the educational and research forest of Dr. BahramNia (Shast Kalateh) in the two areas. An area of 2.5 hectares of native species mixed with non-native species of Paulownia and another area of 2.5 hectares that only had native species (control). All trees in the study area were recorded. The measured variables for each tree include tree species, diameter at the breast height (DBH), tree height, and crown diameter. All trees with a diameter at the breast height above 5 cm are included in the surveying. The spatial coordinates of all trees were also recorded. The trees included the non-native species of Paulownia fortunei, and the native trees included Acer velutinum bioss, Acer cappadocicum Gled, and Carpinus betulus L. In order to investigate the interaction between species, bivariate O-Ring statistics and bivariate mark correlation functions were used based on distance. The independent T-statistic was used to compare the biometric variables of native species.
Results: The graphs obtained from the O-Ring statistic between Paulownia species and native species indicate that the relationships are generally of the attraction or independent type. Also, the mark correlation function results indicate negative and independent interactions based on the DBH and crown diameter and negative for tree height between Paulownia and Acer cappadocicum. Interactions between Paulownia species and Carpinus betulus in all distances were independent based on DBH and negative and independent regarding crown diameter and tree height. Also, positive, negative and independent interactions were seen regarding tree height and crown diameter between Paulownia species and Acer velutinum and attraction and independent interactions were seen in terms of DBH. The independent t-statistics indicate that the average DBH and crown diameter of the Acer cappadocicum Gled in Paulownia mixed plantation is more than the control area, there is no significant difference in tree height. The average DBH and crown diameter of Acer velutinum bioss were higher, and tree height was less in Paulownia mixed plantation compared to the control area. The tree height of the Carpinus betulus L. was higher, and the crown diameter was less in the control than the Paulownia mixed plantation. No significant differences were seen in DBH between the two study areas.
Conclusion: Considering Paulownia's growth nature, a higher tree height, DBH, and crown diameter can be expected, and the results confirmed this. In contrast, this growth rate does not exist in native species. On the other hand, the marks used in the mark correlation function include the variables of tree height, DBH and crown diameter, so the negative marked correlation function results can be attributed to this property. In order to introduce a species as invasive, comprehensive research is needed for its effects on the regeneration of native species, composition of vegetation, and soil properties.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Paulownia
  • inter-specific competition
  • O-ring statistics
  • Mark correlation function
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