Optimization of the production of bioactive compounds from Ganoderma lucidum using cold plasma: An exploratory factor analysis approach.

Document Type : Complete scientific research article

Authors

1 Corresponding Author, Ph.D. Student of Silviculture and Forest Ecology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.

2 Associate Prof., Dept. of Silviculture and Forest Ecology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran

3 Ph.D. Graduate of Silviculture and Forest Ecology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.

4 Professor, Nuclear Physics Group, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.

Abstract

Background and Objective: Ganoderma lucidum is a type of parasitic and saprophytic mushroom that depends on decayed forest trees for its survival. Compounds such as kojic acid and ascorbic acid (for whitening and anti-spot properties), phenols (for exfoliation and skin tightening), polysaccharides, and carotenoids (for moisturizing and protection against ultraviolet rays), as well as beta-carotene, lycopene, astaxanthin, ascorbic acid, flavonoids, and phenols (with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties) have positioned this fungus well in the cosmetics and personal care industry.
Materials and Methods: Mushroom samples were collected from the forests of Shasht Kalateh, Golestan (Dr. Bahram Nia's forestry project), then sterilized in the laboratory and purified in a solid culture medium (PDA). Three types of cold plasma (Jet plasma, SDBD, and VDBD) with 24 treatments were applied to the mycelium and the resulting suspension. Three compounds—kojic acid, total phenol, and antioxidant—were measured using the DPPH method with three repetitions. Treatments with lower results were eliminated, and 15 treatments with the highest amounts of compounds were selected at this stage for measuring other compounds. Sixteen secondary compounds for the selected 15 cold plasma treatments were measured in extracellular and intracellular phases, and relationships between variables were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis, identifying key treatments.
Results: According to the obtained results, the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) between kojic acid, total phenol, and intracellular antioxidant (mycelium) data showed a significant difference at the 95% level. Additionally, a significant difference was observed between the total phenol data and the properties of intracellular antioxidants. Considering the values of these three important indicators with cosmetic and hygienic applications from a total of 24 plasma treatments from three different sources, including jet plasma, volume DBD plasma, and surface DBD plasma, and then comparing them with natural (NM) and control samples (Con) resulted in the elimination of 9 treatments with less significant values: V-S (0.16, 1, 3), S-L (4), S-S (1, 6), J-L (3, 5), and J-S (1). The selected plasma treatments for solid culture media included Surface DBD (4, 2, 0.5 minutes), jet plasma in solid media (3, 4, 5 minutes), Volume DBD (0.5, 0.75, and 1.5 minutes), and for liquid culture media, it included plasma (1, 7, and 9 minutes) and Surface DBD in liquid media (1, 12, and 8 minutes). Furthermore, in the intracellular phase, the S-L treatment (SDBD applied in liquid culture media) with eigenvalues of 7.19 was able to account for 34.86% of the data, and this treatment stimulated the production of valuable compounds such as astaxanthin (correlation 0.95), ascorbic acid (correlation 0.95), and polysaccharides (correlation 0.88), demonstrating strong correlations among these compounds. Similarly, in the extracellular phase, the V-S treatment (VDBD applied in solid culture media) had the highest share of the first component (44.99) and eigenvalues of 7.52, showing a strong correlation with valuable compounds such as betulinic acid (0.93) and ganoderic acid (0.88).
Conclusion: The medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum, with over 600 active compounds, was subjected to cold plasma treatment in this study. The results also indicate an increase in kojic acid compounds, total phenolics, and antioxidant properties. Factor analysis identified treatment V-S in the extracellular phase and treatment S-L in the intracellular phase as data explicators. In vitro cultures subjected to cold plasma treatment show significant potential for replacing natural mushrooms. Conducting genetic and molecular studies to investigate the genes involved in the enhancement of compounds and identifying the production mechanisms seems necessary.

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References

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Journal of Wood and Forest Science and Technology
Volume 32, Issue 2
June 2025
Pages 25-50

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