Vegetative reply of grey mangrove (Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.) seedling to the different level of light and irrigation in two periods in the nursery

Document Type : Complete scientific research article

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, Research, Natural Resources Research Department, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Hormozgan Province, Organization of research, education and promotion

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Natural Resources Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Hormozgan University, Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran

3 Master's degree in Natural Resources Engineering, Desert Management and Control, Hormozgan University, Bandar Abbas, Iran.

Abstract

Background and Objectives: In order to reduce water consumption and producing suitable seedlings, we need have a perfect knowledge of grey mangrove habitat condition in two vegetative periods and their growth replies in the nursery. So, the aim of this study was to investigate the germination percentage and grey mangrove replies to the different levels of light, irrigation and contracted effects of them in two 3-month growth periods in the nursery.
Material and Methods: Propagules were collected from 30 healthy mother trees in the summer of 2022 and cultivated in five groups (3 pots in every group) of plastic pots in the coastal nursery (Factorial statistical design). We carried out irrigation regimes (2 times a day, once a day, every other day and every second day) and light treatments in five levels of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% on propagules. In order to investigate vegetative replies of seedling to light and irrigation in the two 3-month periods (measurements), collar diameter, height and leaf number (after becoming bi-foliate), were measured using digital caliper and ruler. Growth amounts were calculated from the differences of collar diameter and height in two 3-month periods. Germination percentage was recorded at the initial growth and also leaf area of 6-month seedlings were measured in all treatments and were analyzed using GLM at the level of 95%.
Results: According to the results, germination percentage was higher in two times and daily irrigation as well as 50% and 75% light treatments than that of in the others (P≤0.05). In two times irrigation, leaf area with amount of 22.83 cm2 had a significant difference than the other treatments (P≥0.05). leaf area had the highest amounts in 50%, 0 and 75% light treatments (P≤0.05). All vegetative characteristics in the first 3- month and second 3-month measurement had a different reply to the light and irrigation significantly. Also, all the growth properties of seedling, except for leaf number, were higher in the first 3-month measurement that those of in the second 3-month measurement. In the second 3-month measurement, there were lower differences among treatments. According to the results, in the first 3-month measurement, diameter growth had the highest amount in the irrigation regime of two times a day (0.41 mm), once a day (0.36 mm) and light level of 50% (0.32 mm) while in the second 3-month measurement, diameter growth differences decreased in 50, 25 and 75% light treatment and were in the same groups. Also, in the first 3-month measurement, height growth had the highest amount in the twice a day irrigation treatment with the value of 4.75 cm decreased in the second 3-month measurement (2.41 cm) that was at the same group along with once-a-day irrigation regime (2.21 cm). Height growth in the first 3-monthe measurement had the highest amount at 50% light (4.48cm) and 75% (4.34 cm) light treatment changed in the second 3-month measurement. Unlike the other vegetative characteristics, leaf number was lower in the first 3-month than that of in the second 3-month.
Conclusion: According to the results, grey mangrove seedlings are more sensitive to the light and irrigation at the first 3-month growth and exhibit stronger replies to them. So, providing the suitable irrigation and shade is so important in the initial growth of grey mangrove seedling in the nursery. We must provide 50% light and twice a day irrigation at the first 3-month for grey mangrove seedling in order to grow suitable while we can increase light intensity and also irrigation cycle.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

1.Goldberg, L., Lagomasino, D., Thomas, N., & Fatoyinbo, T. )2020(. Global declines in human-driven mangrove loss. Global Change Biology. 26 (10), 5844-5855.
2.Venkateswarlu, V., Venkatrayulu, Ch., Jaya Harsha, M. A., & Reddy, G. G. (2023). Review on mangrove restoration: Re-greening the sea coast. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 22 (03), 130-143.
3.Poorter, H., Niinemets, U., Ntagkas, N., Siebenkas, A., Maenpaa, M., Matsubara, S., & Pons, T. (2019). A meta-analysis of plant responses to light intensity for 70 traits ranging from molecules to whole plant performance. The New Phytologist. 223, 1073-1105.
4.Forrester, D. I., Rodenfels, P., Haase, J., Härdtle, W., Leppert, K. N., Niklaus, P. A., Von Oheimb, G., Scherer-Lorenzen, M., & Bauhus, J. (2019). Tree-species interactions increase light absorption and growth in Chinese subtropical mixed-species plantations. Oecologia. 191, 421-432.
5.Guerra-Santos, J. J., Mendez-Sanchez, J. A., Alderete-Chavez, A., de la Cruz-Landero, L., & del Carmen Guevara-Carrio, E. (2015). Light intensity on two mangrove species as an indicator of regeneration in a disturbed forest in Campeche, Mexico. Transactions on Ecology and the Environmen. 199, 15-22.
6.Mansour, H. A., El Maadwy, A. I., & Mustafa, H. G. (2016). Effect of irrigation interval and cytokinin treatments on vegetative growth of Conocarpus erectus L. plants. Middle East Journal of agriculture Research, 5 (3), 324-332.
7.Da Silva, N. R., & Maiab, R. C. (2019). Evaluation of the growth and survival of mangrove seedlings under different light intensities: Simulating the effect of mangrove deforestation. Revista Árvore. 43 (3), 1-11.
8.Azad, M. D. S., Kamruzzamn, M. D., & Mamoru, K. (2020). Canopy gaps influence regeneration dynamics in cyclone affected mangrove stands in medium saline zone of the Sundarbans Bangladesh. Acta Ecologica Sinica. 41 (1), 1-8.
9.Zhu, D., Hui, D., Huang, Z., Qiao, X., Tong, S., Wang, M., Yang, Q., & Yu, S. (2021). Comparative impact of light and neighbor effect on the growth of introduced species Sonneratia apetala and native mangrove species in China: implications for restoration. J. of the Society for Ecological Restoration. pp. 1-11.
10.Janzen, D. H. (1985). Mangroves: where’s the understory? J. of Tropical Ecology. 1 (1), 89-92. 
11.Moslehi, M., Yaghoobzadeh, M., Bijani, A., & Ahmadi, A. (2020). Measurement and estimation of specific leaf area, leaf dry mass and leaf area index of Rhizophora mucronata Lam. in Sirik mangrove forests. Iranian J. of Forest. 12 (3), 421-434. [In Persian]
12.Basyuni, M., Miharza, T., Sinulingga, E., Gultom, E., & Djayus, Y. (2020). The effect of parent shade on the growth and morphological characteristics in six species of mangrove seedling. Malaysia Apply Biology. 49 (2), 99-103.
13.Hajebi, A. H., Moslehi, M., & Hassani, M. (2019). Effects of species, light, and irrigation regime on vegetative growth of grey mangrove (Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.) and red mangrove (Rhizophora mucronata (Lam.)) seedlings in the nursery. Iranian J. of Forest and Poplar Research. 27 (1), 90-99.
14.Bewley, J. D., & Black, M. (1982). Physiology and bio-chemistry of seeds in relation to germination. New York: Springer-Verlag press. 2nd edition. 365p.
15.Moslehi, M., Pypker, T., Bijani, A., Ahmadi, A., & Hallaj, M. H. S. (2021). Effect of salinity on the vegetative characteristics, biomass and chemical content of red mangrove seedlings in the south of Iran. Scientia Forestalis.49 (132), e3748.
16.Amini, B., Nurrachmi, I., & Rumiyati, R. (2007). The Effects of Crude Oil on Growth and Biomass of Mangrove Bruguiera sexangula Seedling in the Intertidal Area of Dumai City. Indonesia International J. of Applied Environmental Science. 12 (3), 399-407.
17.Berger, U., Adams, M., Grimm, V., & Hildenbrandt, H. (2006). Modelling secondary succession of neotropical mangroves: Causes and consequences of growth reduction in pioneer species. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics. 7 (4), 243-252. 
18.Kristensen, E., Bouillon, S., Dittmar, T., & Marchand, C. (2008). Organic carbon dynamics in mangrove ecosystems: A review. Aquatic Botany. 89 (2), 201-219.
19.Scholander, P. F., Hammel, H. T., Hemmingsen, E., & Garey, W. (1962). Salt balance in mangroves. Plant Phisyology. 37 (6), 722-729.
20.Chen, Y. P., & Ye, Y. (2014). Early response of Avicennia marina to intertidal elevation and light level. Aquatic Botany. 111, 33-40.
21.Lopez-Hoffman, L., DeNoyer, J., Monroe, I., Shaftel, R., Anten, N., Martinez-Ramos, M., & Ackerly, D. (2006). Mangrove seedling net photosynthesis, growth and survivorship are interactively affected by salinity and light. Biotropica. 38 (5), 606-616.
22.Kramer, P. J. (1983). Plant and Soil Water Relationship. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 59p.
23.Elhadi, M., Ibrahim, K., & Abdel Majid, T. (2013). Effect of different watering regimes on growth performance of five tropical trees in the nursery. Jonares. 1, 14-18.
24.Cai, Z. Q., Poorter, L., Han, Q., & Bongers, F. J. J. M. (2008). Effects of light and nutrients on seedling tropical Bauhinia lianas and trees. Tree Physiology. 28 (2), 1277-1285.
25.Ashford, A. E., & Allaway, W. G. (1995). There is a continuum of gas space in young plants of Avicennia marina. Hydrobiologia. 295, 5-11.
26.Clark, D. A., & Clark, D. B. (1992). Life history diversity of canopy and emergent trees in a Neotropical rain forest. Ecological Monographs. 62, 315-344.
27.Foster, S. A., & Janson, C. H. (1985). The relationship between seed size and establishment conditions in tropical woody plants. Ecology. 66, 773-780.
28.Martínez-Ramos, M., Álvarez-Buylla, E. & Sarukhán, J. (1989). Tree demography and gap dynamics in a tropical rain forest. Ecology. 70, 555-558.
29.Pilevar, B., Kakavand, M., Akbari, H., Ismailii, A., Soosani, J., & Mirazadi, Z. (2012). Growth and morphological responses of Mana oak (Quercus brantii) seedlings to different light levels at nursery in the first growing year. Iranian J. of Forest and Poplar Research. 20 (1), 74-83.
30.Environmental Protection (Water) Policy. (2018). Background to monitoring mangrove forest health. Queensland Government. Report. 4p.
31.Hennessy, E., & Beach, K. S. (2023). Spatial consequences of ecophysiology in a psammophytic macroalgal community beneath fringing mangrove canopies in tampa bay. The University of Tampa.
Journal of Wood and Forest Science and Technology
Volume 31, Issue 2
June 2024
Pages 111-129

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics