Optimization of ultrasound waves effects on production of ganoderic acid of Ganoderma adspersum by response surface method

Document Type : Complete scientific research article

Authors

1 Doctoral student of forestry and forest ecology, Faculty of Forest Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.

2 Associate Professor, Faculty of Forest Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.

3 Professor, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.

Abstract

Background and objectives: Ganoderic acid (GA) is a type of triterpenoids produced by various species of Ganoderma. This secondary metabolite has attracted much attention in recent years due to its extraordinary medicinal functions and although Ganoderma Lucidium is famous for having this compound, other species are also considered as alternatives. One of the most important species of Ganoderma is Ganoderma adspersum, which is found as a parasite or saprophyte on living trees or sometimes on tree stumps, and its basidiocarp is very similar to G. applanatum and is often confused. Various medicinal properties such as reducing blood pressure and blood sugar, strengthening the immune system, antiviral, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties have been mentioned for this species, and it is one of the main sources of gonodriic acid production. In the present research, while molecular identification of the fungus and ensuring the species, ultrasound waves were used as an elicitor with the aim of increasing total ganoderic acid in in vitro conditions, and the results were examined in both intracellular and extracellular conditions.
Materials and methods: Mushrooms were sampled in three sizes, small, medium and large, and after purification, they were morphologically and molecularly identified. The samples were cultured in PDA medium and after 14 days in suspension culture medium (PDB), exposed to ultrasound stimulation with variable number (1 to 3 times of sound), time (60, 180 and 300 seconds) and sound temperature ( 30, 40 and 50 °C). Then, extracts were extracted from mycelium and mushroom culture medium in the suspension culture, and intracellular and extracellular gonadoric acid was measured. In order to do the work, RSM response surface method and Benken's box design were used and 17 experiments were designed by Design expert 7 software, and the optimal value of the variables for the maximum production of ganoderic acid was determined with the help of the software.
Results: According to morphological and molecular identification, the selected species of Ganoderma is called adspersum. The presence of ganoderic acid in this mushroom was proved. It was found that among the three sizes of mushrooms selected, the larger size (21 x 16 cm) had more ganoderic acid than the other two sizes, and this size was used for sampling and elicitor induction. The highest amount of total ganoderic acid was related to sonication twice for 282 seconds and temperature of 30 degrees Celsius (79.21 mg/g), which increased the amount of total ganoderic acid by 1.6 times compared to the control, while this amount It was 25.48 mg/g in natural mushroom.
Conclusion: Cultivation in an invitro environment instead of harvesting from the forest can be used as a sustainable method for extracting plant secondary metabolites. Ganoderic acid is one of the most important anti-inflammatory and antiviral metabolites found in Ganoderma mushroom species. Considering the need for extensive harvesting from the forest and the impossibility of continuous access to the forest, it is necessary to replace the new methods of growing mushrooms in laboratory conditions instead of collecting them from the forest. In the same direction and with the aim of increasing the amount of ganodriic acid, the present research was conducted for the first time on Ganoderma adspersum. This fungus is reported for the first time on Carpinus betulus. Considering the increase of more than 1.5 times of total ganoderic acid after ultrasound treatment compared to the natural mushroom sample, it is suggested to carry out additional research for more detailed identification and type of ganoderic acid.

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References

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Journal of Wood and Forest Science and Technology
Volume 30, Issue 2
July 2023
Pages 15-37

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