Bonding improvement of three times recovered Kraft fibers through coating of chitosan/carboxyl methyl cellulose multilayers

Document Type : Complete scientific research article

Author

Abstract

Background and objectives:
Paper recycling has been greatly developed as a suitable approach to use waste paper and as a huge source of cellulose fibers in recent years. Regarding to the structural characteristics of these fibers, which differ largely from those virgin fibers; the first and most important challenge of their application is to modify them for reusing in papermaking industry. It seems that if these fibers are repeatedly used, their applicability will reduce. Although the impact of recycling number for these type of fibers on the paper properties has always been taken into consideration, but there are not many reports available in the literature review. Recent studies show that layer-by-layer technique is a good way for modifying the cellulose fibers characteristics and improving its quality. In this technique, cellulosic fibers and counter-ionic particles are placed in an interaction media. During the interaction, ionic particles are absorbed by fibers surface mainly via electrostatic absorption. Thus, the fibers network strength would improve considerably. Therefore, in current study, the Kraft paper recovered three times at first. The possibility of modifying of three times recovered Kraft fibers has been investigated using layer-by-layer technique in order to develop the bonding potential of the fibers.
Materials and methods:
Kraft fibers were first recycled three times. Then, the three times recycled fibers were treated by 1 % cationic chitosan and 1 % anionic carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC), based on the oven dry (OD) weight of fibers, by using layer-by-layer method. The treatment was applied to form one, two and three double layers of pair polymers on the fiber surface. To form a consecutive double layers, 500 ml of fiber suspension with consistency of about 0.6 % was mixed with chitosan and CMC solutions for 10 minutes by using dynamic drainage jar (DDJ) machine. Paper sheets with base weight of about 80±5 g/m2 were prepared from the pulp samples and their characteristics were evaluated according to TAPPI standard methods. In addition, SEM micrographs were prepared from the papers to evaluate the changes in the structure of the fiber surface.
Results:
The alternate variation of zeta potential confirmed the formation of chitosan and CMC layers on the surface of Kraft recycled fibers. The evaluation of paper strengths showed that the fibers bonding has been developed by treating the three times recycled Kraft fibers with layer-by-layer method, through absorbing of these two strength-enhancing polymers. Meanwhile, paper apparent density, tensile index, internal bonding, and tensile energy absorption have significantly increased. However, the bending stiffness of the paper has shown a significant decrease due to the increased in paper density (decrease in thickness). In addition, based on SEM results there was a clear difference between the surface of treated and untreated fibers, which indicated the absorption of polymers, leading to the development of bonds between the fibers, and paper strength.
Conclusions:
It can be concluded that it is possible to modify the bonding-ability of three times recycled Kraft fibers by using layer-by-layer technique. This method can be applied to assemble multilayers of chitosan and CMC polymers on the fiber surfaces, to improve the strength properties of the resulting paper.

Keywords

Main Subjects


1. Agarwal, M., Lvov, Y.M., and Varahramyan, K. 2006. Conductive wood microfibres for smart paper through layer-by-layer nanocoating. Nanotechnology. 17(21): 5319–5325.
2. Agarwal, M., Xing, Q., Shim, B., Kotov, N., Varahramyan, K., and Lvov, Y.M. 2009. Conductive paper from lignocellulose wood microfibers coated with a nanocomposite of carbon nanotubes and conductive polymers. Nanotechnology. 20(21): 215602-215610(2009).
3. Bachaman, J.S. 1968. Stiffness: its importance and its attainment, In: 12th Eucepa conference: mutiply board. Berlin. Germany. 8-16.
4. Boufi, S., Gonzalez, I., and Delgado-Aguilar, M.Q. 2016. Angels Pelach M., Mutje P., Nanofibrillated cellulose as an additive in papermaking process: A review. Carbohydrate Polymers. 154: 151–166.
5. Ellis, R.L., and Sendlachek, K.M. 1993. Recycled versus virgin-fiber characteristics: A comparison in secondary fiber recycling. R.J. Spangenberg (ed.). TAPPI Press. Atlanta. GA.
6. Eriksson, M., Notley, S.M., and Wagberg, L.J. 2005. The influence on
paper strength properties when building multilayers of weak polyelectrolytes onto wood fibres. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 292: 38-45.
7. Ervasti, I., Miranda, R., and Kauranen, I. 2016. A global, comprehensive review of literature related to paper recycling: A pressing need for a uniform system of terms and definitions. Waste management. 48: 64-71.
8. Fernando, D., Muhi, D., Engstrand, P., and Daniel, G. 2011. Fundamental under-standing of pulp property development under different thermomechanical pulp refining conditions as observed by a new Simons’ staining method and SEM observation of the ultrastructure of fiber surfaces. Holzforschung. 65(6): 777–786.
9. Gharehkhani, S., Sadeghinezhad, E., Kazi, E.S.N., Hooman Yarmand, H., Badarudin, A., Safaei, M., and Mohd Zubir, M.M. 2015. Basic effects of pulp refining on fiber properties—A review. Carbohydrate Polymers., 115: 785–803.
10. Ghasemian, A., Ghaffari, M., and Ashori, A. 2012. Strength enhancing effect of cationic starch on mixed recycled and virgin pulps. Carbohydrate Polymers., 87(2): 1269–1274.
11. Gonzalez, I., Boufi, S., Pelach, M.A., Alcala, M., Vilaseca, F., and Mutje, P. 2012. Nanofibrillated cellulose as paper additive in eucalyptus pulps. BioResources., 7(4): 5167–5180.
12. Gurnagul, N. 1995. Sodium hydroxide addition during recycling: effects on fiber swelling and sheet strength. Tappi Journal. 78(12): 119–124.
13. Haavisto, S., Koskenhely, K., and Paulapuro, H. 2008. Effect of fiber flocculation and filling design on refiner loadability and refining characteristics. Bio Resources. 3(2): 403–424.
14. Hongta, Y. 2008. Fundamentals, Preparation and characterization of super hydrophobic wood fiber products, Ph.D. thesis of Paper Science and Engineering, School of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering. Georgia Institute of Technology. Georgia. USA.
15. Hubbe, M. 2006. Bonding between cellulosic fibers in the absence and presence of dry-strength agent-A review. Bioresource., 1(2): 281-318.
16. Hubbe, M.A., Venditti, R.A., and Rojas, J.O. 2007. What happens to cellulosic fibers during papermaking and recycling? A Review. BioResources. 2(4): 739-788.
17. Jones, B.W., Venditti, R., Park, S., Jameel, H., and Koo, B. 2013. Enhancement in enzymatic hydrolysis by mechanical refining for pretreated hardwood lignocelluloses. Bioresource Technology. 147: 353–360.
18. Koubaa, A., and Koran, Z. 1995. Measure of the internal bond strength of paper/board. Tappi Journal., 78(3): 103−111.
19. Lingstrom, R. 2006. Formation of polyelectrolyte multilayers on fibers: influence on wettability and fiber/fiber interaction. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science., 296(2): 396-408.
20. Lundstrom-Hamala, L., Johansson, E., and Wagberg, L. 2010. Polyelectrolyte multilayers from cationic and anionic starch: Influence of charge density and salt concentration on the properties of adsorbed layers. Starch/Stärke., 62(2): 102-114.
21. Malton, S., Kuys, K., Parker, I., and Vanderhoek, N. 1998. Adsorption of cationic starch on eucalypt pulp fibers and fines. Appita Journal., 51(4): 292-298.
22. Maurer, H. 1998. Opportunities and challenges for Starch in the Paper industry. Starch/Stärke., 50: 396-402.
23. Miranda, R., Bobu, E., Grossmann, H., Stawicki, B., and Blanco, A. 2010. Factors influencing a higher use of recovered paper in the european paper industry. Cellulose Chemistry and Technology., 44(10): 419-430.
24. Navaee-Ardeh, S. 2007. A new model for maximizing the bending stiffness of a symmetric three-ply paper or board. Pulp and Paper Canada., 108(4): 45-47.
25. Nugroho, D.D.P. 2012. Low consistency refining of mixtures of softwood & hardwood bleached kraft: Effects of refining power, Thailand, Asian Institute of Technology.
26. Ristola, P. 2012. Impact of waste-to-energy on the demand and supply relationships of recycled fiber, Ph.D. Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland.
27. Rudi, H., Hamzeh, Y., Ebrahimi, G., Behrooz, R., and Nazhad, M.M. 2012. Influence of pH and Conductivity on Properties of Paper Made of Polyelectrolyte Multilayered Recycled Fibers. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research., 51(34): 11054–11058.
28. Tesfaye, T., Sithole, B., Ramjugernath, D., and Chunilall, V. 2017. Valorisation of chicken feathers: Application in paper production. Journal of cleaner production., 164: 1324-1331.
29. Wagberg, L., Forsberg, S., Johansson, A., and Juntti, P. 2002. Engineering of fiber surface properties by application of the polyelectrolyte multilayer concept. Part 1: Modification of paper strength. Journal of pulp and paper science., 28(7): 222-228.
30. Wistara, N., and Young, R. 1999. Properties and treatments of pulps from recycled paper Part I. Physical and
chemical properties of pulps. Cellulose., 6(4): 291–324.
31. Wistrand, I., Lingstrom, R., and Wagberg, L. 2007. Preparation of electrically conducting cellulose fibers utilizing polyelectrolyte multilayers of poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly (styrene sulphonate) and poly (allyl amine). European Polymer Journal., 43(1): 4075-4091.
32. Xing, Q., Eadula, S.R., and Lvov, Y.M. 2007. Cellulose Fiber-Enzyme Composites Fabricated through Layer-by-Layer Nanoassembly. Biomacromolecules., 8(6): 1987-1991.