Interactive effect of water deficit and bacterial pathogen Brenneria quercinia pathogen on leaf and stomata morphology in offspring of healthy and declined trees of Quercus brantii Lindl.

Document Type : Complete scientific research article

Authors

null

Abstract

Background and objectives: One of the defense response strategies of trees against drought and pathogens is phenotypic variations of leaf and stomata. Also a certain mother tree can partly control phenotype of its offspring, and consequently, affect their tolerance to environmental stress. Therefore, in this study the effects of water deficit and bacterial pathogen on leaf and stomatal traits of healthy and dried trees, causing dieback of brant's oak in Kohgilouye and Boyer-Ahmad province, has been investigated.
Materials and methods: Seeds of 4 healthy and 4 infected trees were collected from Khaeiz conserved area and planted into 320 pots to assess the effect of mother tree. After growing of seedlings, bacteria of Brenneria quercinia was inoculated to half of seedlings originated from both healthy and infected mother trees. After 40 days, half of the inoculated and non-inoculated seedlings, treated under water deficit for three weeks and the rest of them received full irrigation. Then, leaves of seedlings were harvested in September and leaf and stomata traits were measured by Image j 1.43 software. After that, the experiment was performed in a completely random design analyzed and the treatments were laid out in 2*2*2 (2 levels bacteria, 2 levels irrigation, 2 levels mother trees or genotype) and also the mean comparisons tests were done.
Results: Results showed that the effect of bacteria is not significant on any stomata traits, but stomata width and stomata pore width were smaller in seedlings of water deficit treatment than fully irrigate seedlings. Also seedlings of dried trees had smaller stomata width. Water deficit caused to significant decrease of stomata perimeter and leaf width of half-sibling healthy trees, but number of leaf teeth and vein of half-sibling dried trees were decreased under water deficit treatment that they were not significant for half-sibling healthy trees. The affect of bacteria was not similar on half-sibling of healthy and dried trees, so that perimeter, area and length of stomata and perimeter and base angle of leaf in non-inoculated seedlings of healthy trees were larger but after inoculation stomata area of half-sibling healthy trees were decrease and stomata length increased significantly. Inoculation of bacteria also leads to significant decrease of leaf area in half-sibling dried trees but it did not have any affect on half-sibling healthy trees. Triple interaction of irrigation, bacteria and mother trees was significant for stomata pore width, as so, seedlings of healthy trees showed smaller stomata pore width under water deficit treatment, but bacteria has not negative effect on it. For seedlings of dried mother trees, these differences were not significant at any treatments, but size of it was smaller than seedlings of healthy mother trees.
Conclusion: Results of this study showed that half-sibling healthy trees have larger leaf and stomata traits. It demonstrated that these seedlings have more ability to production and photosynthetic capacity. Also the water deficit had more negative effect than bacteria on decline of oak. Also half-sibling of healthy trees under water deficit condition could reduce evaporation with decreasing size of leaf and stomata traits. This decreasing size of stomata were observed under inoculation of bacteria, in contrary the offspring's of drought affected trees exhibited longer stomata than controls that made them more susceptible to water deficit stress and pathogen agent. Also it has been demonstrated that stomata and leaf characteristics can conducted to identification of drought and bacterial disease resistance genotypes.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

1. Achuo, E.A., Prinsen, E., and Höfte, M. 2006. Influence of drought, salt stress and abscisic
acid on the resistance of tomato to Botrytis cinerea and Oidium neolycopersici. Plant
Pathology, 55: 178–86.
2. Al Afas, N., Marron, N., and Ceulemans, R. 2006. Clonal variation in stomatal
characteristics related to biomass production of 12 poplar (Populus) clones in a short rotation
coppice culture. Enviromental and Experimental Botany, 58: 279-286.
3. Appiah, M. 2013. Growth Responses of Milicia excelsa (Iroko) Seedlings to Water Deficit:
Implications for Provenance Selection in Ghana. Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific
Research, 3(11): 222-229.
4. Blodgett, J.T., Kruger, E.L., and Stanosz, G.R. 1997. Sphaeropsis sapinea and water stress in
a red pine plantation in central Wisconsin. Phytopathology, 87: 429–34.
5. Bosabalidis, A.M., and Kofidis, G. 2002. Comparative effects of drought stress on leaf
anatomy of two olive cultivars. Plant Science, 163(2): 375-379.
6. Chattopadhyay, S., Ali, K.A., Doss, S.G., Das, N.K., Aggarwal, R.K., Bandopadhyay, T.K.,
and Bajpai, A.K. 2011. Association of leaf micro-morphological characters with powdery
mildew resistance in field-grown mulberry (Morus spp.) germplasm. AoB Plants, plr002.
7. Dalvand, F. 2014. Effects of drought and the biological pathogens on yield of Persian oak
seedlings (Q. brantii Lind). Master Thesis of Forestry, Yasouj University, 117p.
8. Fan, Z., Fan, X., Crosby, M.K., Keith, W., Martin, M.H., Spetich, A., and Shifley, S.R. 2012.
Spatio-Temporal Trends of Oak Decline and Mortality under Periodic Regional Drought in
the Ozark Highlands of Arkansas and Missouri. Forests, 3: 614-631.
9. Gianoli, E., and González-Teuber, M., 2005. Environmental heterogeneity and population
differentiation in plasticity to drought in Convolvulus chilensis (Convolvulaceae).
Evolutionary Ecology, 19(6): 603-613.
10. Gordon, D.R., Menke, J.M., and Rice, K.J. 1989. Competition for soil water between annual
plants and blue oak (Quercus douglasii) seedlings. Oecologia, 79(4): 533-541.
11. Hosseini, A., Hosseini, S.M., Rahmani, A., and Azadfar, D. 2012. Effect of tree mortality on
structure of Brant's oak (Quercus brantii) forests of Ilam, province of Iran. Iranian Journal of
Forest and Poplar Research, 20(4): 565-577.
12. Hosseini, H. 2015. Leaf morphological and physiological responses of Persian oak trees in
oak decline affected stands. Iranian Journal of Rangelands and Forests Plant Breeding and
Genetic Research, 23(2): 288-298.
13. Jazireie, M.H., and Ebrahimi rastaghi, M. 2003. Zagros silviculture. Published Tehran
University, Tehran. 560p.
14. Karimi Hajipomagh, Kh., Zolfaghari, R., Alvaninejad, S., and Fayyaz, P. 2013. Effect of
Seed Provenance and Mother Tree of Quercus brantii Base on Primary Establishment in
Yasuj. Journal of Forest and Wood Product (Iranian Journal of Natural Resources), 66(4):
427-439.
15. Körner, C.H., Bannister, P., and Mark, A.F. 1986. Altitudinal variation in stomatal
conductance, nitrogen content and leaf anatomy in different plant life forms in New Zealand.
Oecologia, 69: 557-588.
16. Loreti, E., Poggi, A., Novi, G., Alpi, A., and Perata, P. 2005. A genome-wide analysis of the
effects of sucrose on gene expression in Arabidopsis seedlings under anoxia. Plant
Physiology, 137: 1130–1138.
17. McDowell, N.G., Pockman, W.T., and Allen, C.D. 2008. Tansley Review: mechanisms of
plant survival and mortality during drought: Why do some plants survive while others
succumb to drought? New Phytologist, 178: 719-739.
18. Melotto, M., Underwood, W., Koczan, J., Nomura, K., and He, Sh.Y. 2006. Plant Stomata
Function in Innate Immunity against Bacterial Invasion. Cell, 126(8): 969–980.
19. Rosales-Serna, R.J., Kohashi-Shibata, J.A., Acosta-Gallegos, C., Trejo-Lopez, J., and Kelly,
J.D. 2004. Biomass distribution, maturity acceleration and yield in drought-stressed common
bean cultivars. Field Crops Research, 85: 203-211.
20. Royer, D.L., Wilf, P., Janesko, D.A., Kowalski, E.A., and Dilcher, D.L. 2005. Correlations
of climate and plant ecology to leaf size and shape: potential proxies for the fossil record.
American Journal of Botany, 92(7): 1141-1151.
21. Royer, D.L., and Wilf, P. 2006. Why do toothed leaves correlate with cold climates? Gas
exchange at leaf margins provides new insights into a classic paleotemperature proxy.
International Journal of Plant Science, 167: 11–8.
22. Shukla, S.N., and Gangopadhyaya, S. 1981. Stomatal index and size of stomatal opening of
rice cultivars varying in reaction to bacterial leaf blight. Proceedings of the Indian National
Science Academy, 47(4): 557-559.
23. Solla, A., and Gil, L. 2002. Influence of water stress on Dutch elm disease symptoms in
Ulmus minor. Canadian Journal of Botany, 80: 810–817.
24. Susiluoto, S., and Berninger, F. 2007. Interactions between morphological and physiological
drought responses in Eucalyptus microtheca. Silva Fennica: 41(2): 221.
25. Tyree, M.T., and Sperry, J.S. 1989. Vulnerability of xylem to cavitation and embolism.
Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Molecular. Biology, 40: 19-38.
26. Uzunova, K. 1999. A comparative study of leaf epidermis in European Corylaceae. Feddes
Repertorium, 110(3‐4): 209-218.
27. Woodward, F.I., and Kelly, C.K. 1995. The influence of CO2 concentration on stomatal
density. New Phytologist, 131: 311-327.
28. Xu, F., Guo, W., Xu, W., and Wang, R. 2008. Habitat effects on leaf morphological
plasticity in Quercus Acutissima. Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica, 50(2): 19–
26.
29. Xu, F., Guo, W., Xu, W., Wei, Y., and Wang, R. 2009. Leaf morphology correlates with
water and light availability: What consequences for simple and compound leaves? Progress
in Natural Science, 19: 1789–1798.
30. Yu, G.R., Wang, Q.F., and Zhuang, J. 2004. Modeling the water use efficiency of soybean
and maize plants under environmental stresses: application of a synthetic model of
photosynthesis-transpiration based on stomatal behavior. Journal of Plant Physiology,
161(3): 303-318.
Journal of Wood and Forest Science and Technology
Volume 25, Issue 1
May 2018
Pages 133-148

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics