The effect of initial spacing on wood density and biometric properties of fibers in Populus deltoids (Case study in Sari region)

Document Type : Complete scientific research article

Author

Abstract

Abstract
Background and objectives: The wood and paper factory of Mazandran has been planting poplar species at various initial spacings in order to raw material for pulp and paper production. Initial spacing can affect the value of stem diameter, height, and ultimately the wood quality due to root and crown competition in light, water and food production. In the present study, the effects of initial spacing and axial position on the oven-dry density and biometrical properties of Populus deltoids were examined.
Materials and methods: Nine normal poplar trees (Populusdeltoids) were randomly selected in three initial spacings (2×2, 2×3, 3×3 m) from Mazandran wood and paper industries forest. Three samples were taken along axial position from bottom to upward (breast height, 50 and 75% stem height) to determine wood density and fiber biometrical properties (fiber length, fiber diameter and cell wall thickness, slenderness ratio, flexibility coefficient, and runkel ratio).
Results: Results of ANOVA indicated that the initial spacings had significant differences on the density, fiber dimensions, and slenderness ratios and hadn’t on the flexibility coefficient and runkel ratio. The effect of longitudinal position on density and fiber biometry wasn’t significant. Interaction effects between initial spacing and longitudinal position on the wood properties wasn’t significant except in fiber diameter. The highest and lowest of oven-dried density, fiber length, fiber diameter, cell wall thickness and flexibility coefficient were found at initial spacing 2×2 and 2×3, respectively. The average of slenderness ratio and runkel ratio in 2×3 is higher than other initial spacings. There are significantly positive relationships between stem diameter and height grows with density and fiber dimensions in poplar wood.
Conclusion: According to the obtained results, it can be said that planting in lower initial spacing is more suitable than other initial spacings for pulp and paper production.
Results: Results of ANOVA indicated that the initial spacings had significant differences on the density, fiber dimensions, and slenderness ratios and hadn’t on the flexibility coefficient and runkel ratio. The effect of longitudinal position on density and fiber biometry wasn’t significant. Interaction effects between initial spacing and longitudinal position on the wood properties wasn’t significant except in fiber diameter. The highest and lowest of oven-dried density, fiber length, fiber diameter, cell wall thickness and flexibility coefficient were found at initial spacing 2×2 and 2×3, respectively. The average of slenderness ratio and runkel ratio in 2×3 is higher than other initial spacings. There are significantly positive relationships between stem diameter and height grows with density and fiber dimensions in poplar wood.

Keywords: Populus deltoids, initial spacing, wood density, fiber biometrical properties.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

1. Bektas, I., Tutus, A., and Eroglu, H. 1999. A study of the suitability of Calabrian pine (Pinus
Brutiaten.) for pulp and paper manufacture. Turk Journal of Agriculture and Forestry. 23:
589-599. (In Persian)
2. Clark, A., Jordan, L., Schimleck, L., and Daniels, R. 2008. Effect of initial planting spacing
on wood properties of unthinned loblolly pine at age 21. Forest Products Journal. 58(10): 78-
83. (In Persian)
3. DeBell, J.D., Gartner, B.L., and DeBell, D.S. 1998. Fiber length in young hybrid Populus
stems grown at extremely different rates. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 28: 603–60.
4. DeBell, D.S., Singleton, R., Harrington, A., and Gartner, L.B. 2002b. Wood density and
fiber length in young Populus stems: relation toclone, age, growth rate, and pruning. Wood
Fiber Sci. 34(4): 529–539.
5. Dorostkar, H. 1985. Foresters. University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gorgan
University.
6. Efhami SiSi, D., Karimi, A.N., Pourtahmasi, K., Asadi, F., and Mohamadzadeh, M. 2012.
The Effects of Agroforestry Practices on Physical Properties in of Poplus Wood in Radial
and Longitudinal Axes. Iranian Journal of Wood and Paper Industries. 2(2): 53-64 (In
Persian)
7. Efhamisisi, D., Karimi, A.N., Pourtahmasi, K., and Taghiyari, H.R. 2012. The Effects of
Agroforestry Practices on Fiber Attributes in Populus nigra var. betulifolia. Trees-Structure
and Function. 26(2): 435-441.
8. Enayati, A.A., Hamzeh, Y., Mirshokraie, S.A., and Molaii, M. 2009. Papermaking potential
of canola stalks.Bioresource. 4(1): 245-256.
9. Eroglu, H. 1980. Investigating possibilities of obtaining wood pulp from wheat straw by O2-
naoh method. Ph.D Thesis, Karadeniz Technical University.
10. Fallahnia, M., and Rafighi, A. 2012. The effect of initial spacing on bole form and annual
growth of (Acer velutinum). J. of Wood and Forest Science and Technology, 19(2): 153-159.
(In Persian)
11. Franklin, G.L. 1945. Preparation of thin sections of synthetic resinsand wood-resin
composites, and a new macerating method forwood. Nature 155: 51.
12. Fujiwara, S., and Yang, K.C. 2000. The relationship between cell length and ring width and
circumference growth rate in five Canadian species. IAWA J 21(3): 335–345.
13. Harris, F.C. 2007. The effect of competition on stand, tree, and wood growth and structure in
subtropical Eucalyptus grandis plantations. PhD thesis, Southern Cross University, Lismore,
NSW, Australia, 193p.
14. Hosseinzadeh, A., Toghraei, N., Sheikholeslami, A., Sadraei, N., Golbabaei, A.
andHemmati, A. 1998. Effect of spacing on wood properties and yield of two Populus
deltoides clone in Safrabasteh (Gilan). Iranian Journal of Pajouhesh and Sazandegi in
Natural Resources. 38(1): 45-49 (In Persian)
15. Hunsigi, G. 1989. Agriculture fibers for paper pulp. Outlook on Agriculture. 18(3): 96-103.
16. Ishiguri, F., Kasai, S., Yokota, S., Iizuka, K., and Yoshizawa, N. 2005. Wood quality of Sugi
(Cryptomeria Japonical) grown at four initial spacing. IAWA Journal. 26(3): 375-386.
17. Istas, J.R., Heremansm, R., and Roekelboom, E.L. 1954. Caracteres Generaux De Bois
Feuillus Du Congo Belge En Relation Avec Leur Utilization Dans I ‘industrie Des Pates A
Papier: Etude Detaillee De Quelques Essences. Gembloux: INEAC (Serie Technique, No.
43).
18. Khan, C.S., and Chaudhry, A.K. 2007. Effect of spacing and plant density on the growth of
poplar (Populur deltoides) trees under Ander Agro-Forestry System. Pak. J. Agri. Science.
44(2): 321-327.
19. Kollman, F.F.P., and Cote, W.A. 1968. Principles of wood science and technology. 1. Solid
wood, Springer- Verlag, New York.
20. Lei, H., Gartner, L.B., and Milota, M.R. 1997. Effect of growth rate on the anatomy, specific
gravity, and bending properties of wood from 7-yearold red alder (Alnus rubra). Canadian
Journal of Forest Research. 27: 80-85.
21. McDougall, G.J., Morrison, I.M., Stewart, D., Weyers, J.D.B., and Hillman, J.R. 1993. Plant
fibers: botany chemistry and processing. Journal of the science of Food and Agriculture, 62:
1-20.
22. Naji, H.R., Fallah Nia, M., Kiaei, M., Hazandy, A.H., Soltani, M., and Faghihi, A. 2015.
Effect of intensive planting density on tree growth, wood density and fiber properties of
maple (Acer velutinum Boiss.). IForest Biogeosciences and Forestry, 9: 323-329.
23. Naji, H.R., Sahri, M.H., Nobuchi, T., Bakar, E.S. 2013. Intra- and inter-clonal variation in
anatomical properties of Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg. Wood and Fiber Science, 45(3):
268-278.
24. Ramazami, S., Talaeipour, M., Aliabadi, M., Tabeei, A., and Bazyar, B. 2013. Investigation
of the antomical, biometry and chemical characteristics of juvenile and mature poplar
(Populus alba) wood. Iranian Journal of Wood and Paper Science Research, 28(1): 182-193.
25. Riahifar, N., Fallah, A., Mohammadi Samani, K., and Gorji Mahlebani, Y. 2009. Comparing
the growth of Paulownia fortunei and Populus deltoides plantations under different spacing
in northern Iran. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 16(3): 444-454.
26. San, H.P., Long, L.K., Zhang, C.Z., Hui, T.C., Seng, W.V., Lin, F.S., Hun, A.T., and Fong,
W.F. 2016. Anatomical features, fiber morphological, physical and mechanical properties of
three years old new hybrid Paulownia: Green Paulownia. Research Journal of forest, 10: 30-
35.
27. Sidhu, D.S., and Dhillon, P.S. 2007. Field Performance of ten Clones and two Sizes of
Planting Stock of Populus deltoides on the IndoGangetic Plains of India. New Forest, 34(2):
115-122.
28. Snook, S.K., Labosky, P.l., Bowersox, T.W., and Blankenhorn, P.R. 1986. Pulp and paper
making properties of a hybrid poplar clone grown under four management strategies and two
soil sites. Wood and Fiber Science. 18(1): 157–167.
29. Wimmer, R., Downes, G.M., Evans, R., Rasmussen, G., and French, J. 2002. Direct Effects
of Wood Characteristics on Pulp and Handsheet Properties of Eucalyptus globulus.
Holzforschung, 56: 244-252.
30. Xu, F., Zhong, X.C., Sun, R.C., and Lu, Q. 2006. Anatomy, ultra structure, and lignin
distribution in cell wall of Caragana Korshinskii. Industrial Crops and Production, 24: 186-
193.
31. Zobel, B.J., and Van Buijtenen, J.P. 1989. Wood variation: its causes and control. Springer
Series in Wood Science, Springer-Verlag, 363p.
32. Zobel, B. 1992. Silvicultural effects on wood properties. IPEF International, Piracicaba,
Brazil, 2: 31-38.
Journal of Wood and Forest Science and Technology
Volume 24, Issue 4
March 2018
Pages 101-116

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics