Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Journal of Wood and Forest Science and Technology 2322-2077 20 4 2014 02 20 Effect of climate on Oak (Quercus macranthera) annual tree-ring chronologies at tree line of hyrcanian forest Effect of climate on Oak (Quercus macranthera) annual tree-ring chronologies at tree line of hyrcanian forest 1 19 1699 FA Journal Article 2012 05 27 Trees with high mortality, can record environmental change on their annual ring widths. Therefore, at this study focused on effect of climate variables (Precipitation and Temperature) on annual growth of oak in the north of Iran. At recently study, samples supplied from 12 old oak trees. Tree ring widths are measuring by LINTAB measurement table. Cross-dating done with between core samples and maximum and minimum GLK rate obtained as a 62 and 52 respectively. After recording of tree ring widths, individual and finally mean of chronology are standard. We supplied a chronology for Quercus castanaifoli with 276 (1734-2010) year. Statistical analysis show that sensitive, Signal-to-noise, Expressed Population Signal are 0.24, 0.85 and 6/15 respectively. Climate and growth analysis was done by using Response Function and results show that March and July Temperature are negative effect on tree ring growth. Investigate of pointer years indicated time interval negative event years are minimum 2 years and maximum 8 years. Length of wet and dry years probably occurred in region are 2 or 3 years. Results of this study are useful for management of drought years at futures and applied for forest and reforestation management in the region. Trees with high mortality, can record environmental change on their annual ring widths. Therefore, at this study focused on effect of climate variables (Precipitation and Temperature) on annual growth of oak in the north of Iran. At recently study, samples supplied from 12 old oak trees. Tree ring widths are measuring by LINTAB measurement table. Cross-dating done with between core samples and maximum and minimum GLK rate obtained as a 62 and 52 respectively. After recording of tree ring widths, individual and finally mean of chronology are standard. We supplied a chronology for Quercus castanaifoli with 276 (1734-2010) year. Statistical analysis show that sensitive, Signal-to-noise, Expressed Population Signal are 0.24, 0.85 and 6/15 respectively. Climate and growth analysis was done by using Response Function and results show that March and July Temperature are negative effect on tree ring growth. Investigate of pointer years indicated time interval negative event years are minimum 2 years and maximum 8 years. Length of wet and dry years probably occurred in region are 2 or 3 years. Results of this study are useful for management of drought years at futures and applied for forest and reforestation management in the region.

https://jwfst.gau.ac.ir/article_1699_b259fd4a80cfbec091f7c163a93b81ab.pdf

Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Journal of Wood and Forest Science and Technology 2322-2077 20 4 2014 02 20 Application of Ripley’s K-Function in Detecting Spatial Pattern of Wych Elm Species in Khayroud Forests, North of Iran Application of Ripley’s K-Function in Detecting Spatial Pattern of Wych Elm Species in Khayroud Forests, North of Iran 21 39 1702 FA Journal Article 2012 08 26 One of the most important characteristics of plant communities is spatial pattern of trees. Spatial pattern of trees are important structural characteristics of forests that their studies have extensive applications in sustainable forest management. Quantifying the spatial structure is an important component in describing natural ecosystems. Because of its importance as threatened but valuable species, spatial pattern of Wych elm has been studied in order to help its management and restoration. The current research was done in Namkhaneh District, Khayroud Forests belonging to University of Tehran. Due to the extent of study area (1035 ha) and being dispersed in the area, the location of Wych elm trees larger than 10 cm in DBH was recorded by Global Positioning System. Spatial pattern of elm trees has been analyzed using univariate K-Ripley function. The results showed both whole population and small size trees had clumped distribution at the scales < 10 m and this species tend to have random pattern at greater scales. In order to investigate if clumped pattern at small scales is due to seed trees or not, all of measured trees were assigned into four diameter size classes as small, medium, large and extra-large timbers. Spatial association among small size class and other classes were analyzed using bivariate Ripley’s K-function. Results showed there exists repulsion between small size classes and other classes and it seems suitable site conditions, reluctancy of illegal cutters to small-diameter Wych elm trees and interactions with other species are responsible for clumped pattern at smaller scales. One of the most important characteristics of plant communities is spatial pattern of trees. Spatial pattern of trees are important structural characteristics of forests that their studies have extensive applications in sustainable forest management. Quantifying the spatial structure is an important component in describing natural ecosystems. Because of its importance as threatened but valuable species, spatial pattern of Wych elm has been studied in order to help its management and restoration. The current research was done in Namkhaneh District, Khayroud Forests belonging to University of Tehran. Due to the extent of study area (1035 ha) and being dispersed in the area, the location of Wych elm trees larger than 10 cm in DBH was recorded by Global Positioning System. Spatial pattern of elm trees has been analyzed using univariate K-Ripley function. The results showed both whole population and small size trees had clumped distribution at the scales < 10 m and this species tend to have random pattern at greater scales. In order to investigate if clumped pattern at small scales is due to seed trees or not, all of measured trees were assigned into four diameter size classes as small, medium, large and extra-large timbers. Spatial association among small size class and other classes were analyzed using bivariate Ripley’s K-function. Results showed there exists repulsion between small size classes and other classes and it seems suitable site conditions, reluctancy of illegal cutters to small-diameter Wych elm trees and interactions with other species are responsible for clumped pattern at smaller scales.

https://jwfst.gau.ac.ir/article_1702_0600ec0ccfc7337d7792150f527e016b.pdf

Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Journal of Wood and Forest Science and Technology 2322-2077 20 4 2014 02 20 Study of the forest vegetation on the basis of elevation gradient in Touskestan-Charbagh habitat, Golestan province Study of the forest vegetation on the basis of elevation gradient in Touskestan-Charbagh habitat, Golestan province 41 60 1704 FA Nastaran Pouladi Former M.Sc. Students of soil science Mohammad Amir Delavar Assistant Professor, College of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Iran Journal Article 2014 07 12 The scientific investigation of forest vegetation distribution on the elevation gradient of Alborz mountains range can be led to identifying natural habitats on the basis of elevation variation. The purpose of this research is plants distribution pattern investigation along elevation gradient which is located in North slope aspect of Alborz Mountains in Touskestan-Charbagh, Golestan province. The presence of plant species has been recorded on the 24 vertical transect side' roads (12 sampling points) along the gradient of 740 to 2340 meters above sea level with 200 meter distances on this paper. Plant species in the sampled transects has been grouped on basis of similarity and dissimilarity via TWINSPAN analysis in PCORD 5 software. Also relationship between environmental factors (elevation, slope, aspect, rain, temperature, relative humidity and evapotranspiration) and vegetation has been evaluated via Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Result showed that there are 4 distinguished plant groups (A) Tree and bush, (B) bush and Shrub, (C) shrub and forb, (D) forb and grass. The environmental factors especially elevation with effect on climate factors is the most effective characteristic on distribution and division of grouping growth forms. As one or many plant species are ecological indicators of specific range elevation. The scientific investigation of forest vegetation distribution on the elevation gradient of Alborz mountains range can be led to identifying natural habitats on the basis of elevation variation. The purpose of this research is plants distribution pattern investigation along elevation gradient which is located in North slope aspect of Alborz Mountains in Touskestan-Charbagh, Golestan province. The presence of plant species has been recorded on the 24 vertical transect side' roads (12 sampling points) along the gradient of 740 to 2340 meters above sea level with 200 meter distances on this paper. Plant species in the sampled transects has been grouped on basis of similarity and dissimilarity via TWINSPAN analysis in PCORD 5 software. Also relationship between environmental factors (elevation, slope, aspect, rain, temperature, relative humidity and evapotranspiration) and vegetation has been evaluated via Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Result showed that there are 4 distinguished plant groups (A) Tree and bush, (B) bush and Shrub, (C) shrub and forb, (D) forb and grass. The environmental factors especially elevation with effect on climate factors is the most effective characteristic on distribution and division of grouping growth forms. As one or many plant species are ecological indicators of specific range elevation.

https://jwfst.gau.ac.ir/article_1704_761a960ba8c314cc9d86be9773ac629c.pdf

Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Journal of Wood and Forest Science and Technology 2322-2077 20 4 2014 02 20 Investigation of positioning and species diversity changes caused by local communities in Zagros forests (Case Study: Ghalehgol forest, Zagros,IRAN) Investigation of positioning and species diversity changes caused by local communities in Zagros forests (Case Study: Ghalehgol forest, Zagros,IRAN) 61 80 1703 FA Peyman Farhadi M.Sc student Faculty in forestry. Lorestan University. Javad Soosani Assistant Professor in Forestry & Forest Biometry, Forestry DepartmentFaculty of Agriculture Lorestan University Kamran Adeli Assistant Prof. Faculty in forestry. Lorestan University 0000-0001-9668-8628 Vahid Alijani Ph.D student in forestry, University of Tehran Journal Article 2013 06 11 In order to properly manage the forest, investigation of changes caused by natural processes and human intervention is necessary. In this study, using uniform angle and Clark & Evans indices trees change location investigated, and the mingling and Shannon-Wiener indices applied to investigation of diversity changes in forest trees, Perk Ghale Gole in Khorramabad, in before and after degradation. For this purpose, using one hundred percent inventory in an area of about 32 hectares in three site of near to road, hill and plain, the current status of the forest studied. Then, taking cut trees (situation before damage) positioning and species diversity of trees were measured and compared with current status of the study area. The values of Clark & Evans index calculated 0.43 and 0.80, respectively for before and after the cut. These values showed change from cluster positioning to between random and cluster pattern. Also, the result of uniform angle index were calculated 0.50 and 0.47 for before and after the cut, respectively, that showed the random arrangement of nearest neighbors in both step. The mean value of mingling index calculated 0.05 and 0.06, respectively in before and after degradation, which represents a slight increase in mixture. Also, the results of the Shannon-Wiener index, calculated 0.23 and 0.25 respectively before the cut and after it that showed a slight increase in species diversity. In continue, trees positioning and species diversity of three sites, near to road, hill and plain, calculated separately and compared with together. The results of these indices can be used to determine the changes caused by natural processes and the involvement of the human. In order to properly manage the forest, investigation of changes caused by natural processes and human intervention is necessary. In this study, using uniform angle and Clark & Evans indices trees change location investigated, and the mingling and Shannon-Wiener indices applied to investigation of diversity changes in forest trees, Perk Ghale Gole in Khorramabad, in before and after degradation. For this purpose, using one hundred percent inventory in an area of about 32 hectares in three site of near to road, hill and plain, the current status of the forest studied. Then, taking cut trees (situation before damage) positioning and species diversity of trees were measured and compared with current status of the study area. The values of Clark & Evans index calculated 0.43 and 0.80, respectively for before and after the cut. These values showed change from cluster positioning to between random and cluster pattern. Also, the result of uniform angle index were calculated 0.50 and 0.47 for before and after the cut, respectively, that showed the random arrangement of nearest neighbors in both step. The mean value of mingling index calculated 0.05 and 0.06, respectively in before and after degradation, which represents a slight increase in mixture. Also, the results of the Shannon-Wiener index, calculated 0.23 and 0.25 respectively before the cut and after it that showed a slight increase in species diversity. In continue, trees positioning and species diversity of three sites, near to road, hill and plain, calculated separately and compared with together. The results of these indices can be used to determine the changes caused by natural processes and the involvement of the human.

https://jwfst.gau.ac.ir/article_1703_6e79a9dad41aeff678ff547d4a150a61.pdf

Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Journal of Wood and Forest Science and Technology 2322-2077 20 4 2014 02 20 Assessment of active fire detection algorithm for fire detection in natural resources using MODIS images (case study: Golestan national park) Assessment of active fire detection algorithm for fire detection in natural resources using MODIS images (case study: Golestan national park) 81 97 1701 FA Farrokh Pourshakouri Ali Aasghar Darvishsefat Farhad Samadzadegan Pedram Attarod Attarod Javad Selyari Selyari Journal Article 2012 05 13 Abstract: Monitoring of fire in natural resource using satellite imagery is the most effective method to detect active fires. The main objective of this study was to explore the capability of global active fire detection algorithm for active fire detection using the MODIS images. The study was performed in the Golestan national park located in the western Caspian forests. Totally 229 MODIS images acquired by Terra and Aqua satellites were processed for active fire detections. In order to investigate on capabilities of MODIS images in active fire detection, we evaluated the results of MODIS fire products with three reference fires occurred in the study area. The locations of the burned areas were surveyed by GPS. MODIS images from fire days as well as the previous and past days of fires were collected. The Aqua images were obtained from the L1B level, which was suitable for using in this algorithm whereas Terra images were obtained from PDS format and then preprocessed to the L1B. After processing of images, detected fires were compared with reference fires. The results revealed that the fires in July 2011 (Yekbarmakh) and November 2010 (Cheshme-Sardar) were detected, while the relative small fire (Gharangi forest) in March 2010 was not detectable. Based on the principle of active fire detection algorithm the higher temperature of fires increase the probability of detection. It can be concluded that MODIS images provide a valuable source of information about fire activity. However contextual fire detection algorithm didn’t detect high percent of fires. complementary researches and investigation are needed to develop a regional fire detection algorithm for the Caspian forests of Iran. It is recommended that active fire detection algorithm to be applied for fire detection for the Caspian forests of Iran using MODIS images before complementary researches. Abstract: Monitoring of fire in natural resource using satellite imagery is the most effective method to detect active fires. The main objective of this study was to explore the capability of global active fire detection algorithm for active fire detection using the MODIS images. The study was performed in the Golestan national park located in the western Caspian forests. Totally 229 MODIS images acquired by Terra and Aqua satellites were processed for active fire detections. In order to investigate on capabilities of MODIS images in active fire detection, we evaluated the results of MODIS fire products with three reference fires occurred in the study area. The locations of the burned areas were surveyed by GPS. MODIS images from fire days as well as the previous and past days of fires were collected. The Aqua images were obtained from the L1B level, which was suitable for using in this algorithm whereas Terra images were obtained from PDS format and then preprocessed to the L1B. After processing of images, detected fires were compared with reference fires. The results revealed that the fires in July 2011 (Yekbarmakh) and November 2010 (Cheshme-Sardar) were detected, while the relative small fire (Gharangi forest) in March 2010 was not detectable. Based on the principle of active fire detection algorithm the higher temperature of fires increase the probability of detection. It can be concluded that MODIS images provide a valuable source of information about fire activity. However contextual fire detection algorithm didn’t detect high percent of fires. complementary researches and investigation are needed to develop a regional fire detection algorithm for the Caspian forests of Iran. It is recommended that active fire detection algorithm to be applied for fire detection for the Caspian forests of Iran using MODIS images before complementary researches.

https://jwfst.gau.ac.ir/article_1701_d9cff674300c8eeec56dc9560fa86fb6.pdf

Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Journal of Wood and Forest Science and Technology 2322-2077 20 4 2014 02 20 Properties of composites made from beverage carton (Tetrapak) Properties of composites made from beverage carton (Tetrapak) 99 115 1698 FA Hashem Rahamin Mehrab Madhoushi Journal Article 2012 09 18 The aim of this study was introduction of a novel composite namely “Pakboard” made of beverage carton (Tetrapack containers). These containers are composed of Kraft paper, LDPE and aluminum foil that usually are not recyclable in Pulp and paper industry. Hence, for production of the composite, the containers were mixed with UF and MUF resins. The reference was the composites made of paper container of beverages without resin. The composites density kept at 1 g/cm3 .The physical and mechanical properties of the composites were determined following EN Standard. The data were analyzed as a factorial design by SPSS software at 95 and 99 confidence levels. The results showed that the resultant composites did not have significant difference with reference ones. It can be concluded that this kind of clean and waste bade composite with acceptable mechanical and physical properties can be used in applications like concealed ceilings, shelves and packaging industry that do need not so much strength. The aim of this study was introduction of a novel composite namely “Pakboard” made of beverage carton (Tetrapack containers). These containers are composed of Kraft paper, LDPE and aluminum foil that usually are not recyclable in Pulp and paper industry. Hence, for production of the composite, the containers were mixed with UF and MUF resins. The reference was the composites made of paper container of beverages without resin. The composites density kept at 1 g/cm3 .The physical and mechanical properties of the composites were determined following EN Standard. The data were analyzed as a factorial design by SPSS software at 95 and 99 confidence levels. The results showed that the resultant composites did not have significant difference with reference ones. It can be concluded that this kind of clean and waste bade composite with acceptable mechanical and physical properties can be used in applications like concealed ceilings, shelves and packaging industry that do need not so much strength.

https://jwfst.gau.ac.ir/article_1698_91a4243f6fd79da29ad4206f5da85303.pdf

Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Journal of Wood and Forest Science and Technology 2322-2077 20 4 2014 02 20 Estimation of forest biophysical properties using SPOT HRG data (Case Study: Darabkola Experimental Forest) Estimation of forest biophysical properties using SPOT HRG data (Case Study: Darabkola Experimental Forest) 117 133 1705 FA S K A F Sh Sh. Journal Article 2014 07 12 The main objective of this study was estimation of three forest biophysical properties including volume, basal area and number per hectare using SPOT-HRG data in district 1 Darabkola’s forest. Images were orthorectified to reduce relief displacement errors. Different synthetic bands were generated trough principal component analysis and suitable vegetation indices were created by rationing. After take territorial information, accomplished calculation volume, basal area and number per hectare values in sample plat. Since analyze normalized data, evaluating correlation between territorial and spectral by linear regression. Cross validation getting best correlation model investigating by some sample plat and by relevant evaluation criterions. For volume estimation, results of this study showed that linear combination of NIR and SWIR bands by adjusted determination coefficient 74.5% and root mean square relative error 77.1 m 3 /ha were better predictors than other combination. For basal area estimation, linear combination NIR band and MSAVI2 index showed best results (R 2 adj =80.5; RMSE=4.02). Linear combination NIR and SWIR band by adjusted determination coefficient of 85.7% and root mean square relative error of 44.6 numbers per hectare could better predict the number trees per hectare. Results this study showed SPOT data has high capability for estimation biophysical properties as volume, basal area and number per hectare. Of results this study can use for operational management forest stand. The main objective of this study was estimation of three forest biophysical properties including volume, basal area and number per hectare using SPOT-HRG data in district 1 Darabkola’s forest. Images were orthorectified to reduce relief displacement errors. Different synthetic bands were generated trough principal component analysis and suitable vegetation indices were created by rationing. After take territorial information, accomplished calculation volume, basal area and number per hectare values in sample plat. Since analyze normalized data, evaluating correlation between territorial and spectral by linear regression. Cross validation getting best correlation model investigating by some sample plat and by relevant evaluation criterions. For volume estimation, results of this study showed that linear combination of NIR and SWIR bands by adjusted determination coefficient 74.5% and root mean square relative error 77.1 m 3 /ha were better predictors than other combination. For basal area estimation, linear combination NIR band and MSAVI2 index showed best results (R 2 adj =80.5; RMSE=4.02). Linear combination NIR and SWIR band by adjusted determination coefficient of 85.7% and root mean square relative error of 44.6 numbers per hectare could better predict the number trees per hectare. Results this study showed SPOT data has high capability for estimation biophysical properties as volume, basal area and number per hectare. Of results this study can use for operational management forest stand.

https://jwfst.gau.ac.ir/article_1705_7e312315c1b147ce3de853bfe0262030.pdf

Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Journal of Wood and Forest Science and Technology 2322-2077 20 4 2014 02 20 Alder and poplar mixed vegetative effects on soil quality indicators and carbon sequestration of soil Alder and poplar mixed vegetative effects on soil quality indicators and carbon sequestration of soil 135 150 1717 FA Nastaran Pouladi Former M.Sc. Students of soil science Mohammad Amir Delavar Assistant Professor, College of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Iran Journal Article 2012 05 17 Since vegetation has a major impact on soil quality, in order to considering this effects two sites with different proportion of 30-70 Alder- Poplar and Poplar-Alder cover in three-replication were selected in Safrabasteh poplar station, Gillan province. In each sites morphological, physical and chemical soil properties were studied up on standard laboratory methods. The results showed that bulk density, dispersible clay and hydraulic conductivity were significantly different among sites (p Since vegetation has a major impact on soil quality, in order to considering this effects two sites with different proportion of 30-70 Alder- Poplar and Poplar-Alder cover in three-replication were selected in Safrabasteh poplar station, Gillan province. In each sites morphological, physical and chemical soil properties were studied up on standard laboratory methods. The results showed that bulk density, dispersible clay and hydraulic conductivity were significantly different among sites (p

https://jwfst.gau.ac.ir/article_1717_e4a43ae1ff83303988887b47f399e8fa.pdf

Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Journal of Wood and Forest Science and Technology 2322-2077 20 4 2014 02 20 Humus forms and the most important factors affecting its changes in mixed beech forest (case study: Shast Kalate forest of Gorgan) Humus forms and the most important factors affecting its changes in mixed beech forest (case study: Shast Kalate forest of Gorgan) 151 166 1707 FA Seyed Mohammad Waez-Mousavi Journal Article 2012 11 04 This study aimed to investigate the Humus forms and the most important factors affecting its changes in mixed beech forest in Shast Kalate (Dr. Bahram Nia) experimental forest. Therefore 32 gaps with different sizes have been selected in aforementioned parcel. In each gap 5 humus profiles were considered. The same soil sampling strategy was used in an understory point 20 meters far from gap edge. Then humus form of each profile was determined based on morphological method. Results showed that totally 9 different humus forms were observed in the study area. Mull order with frequency of 70.6 % and suborder of dysmull with the frequency of 37.8% were dominant in the study area. The average thicknesses of organic horizons in gaps were 1.7, 0.3 and 0.1 cm and in understory 2.3, 0.9 and 0.48 cm for L, F and H respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between humus forms in gaps and in understory. Also gap size and land form significantly affected the humus. The average of holorganic horizon biomass in gaps was about 486 and in understory was 686 gr/m2. The results can be considered as a pattern in prediction of close-to-nature silvicultural system effects on forest humus form state. This study aimed to investigate the Humus forms and the most important factors affecting its changes in mixed beech forest in Shast Kalate (Dr. Bahram Nia) experimental forest. Therefore 32 gaps with different sizes have been selected in aforementioned parcel. In each gap 5 humus profiles were considered. The same soil sampling strategy was used in an understory point 20 meters far from gap edge. Then humus form of each profile was determined based on morphological method. Results showed that totally 9 different humus forms were observed in the study area. Mull order with frequency of 70.6 % and suborder of dysmull with the frequency of 37.8% were dominant in the study area. The average thicknesses of organic horizons in gaps were 1.7, 0.3 and 0.1 cm and in understory 2.3, 0.9 and 0.48 cm for L, F and H respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between humus forms in gaps and in understory. Also gap size and land form significantly affected the humus. The average of holorganic horizon biomass in gaps was about 486 and in understory was 686 gr/m2. The results can be considered as a pattern in prediction of close-to-nature silvicultural system effects on forest humus form state.

https://jwfst.gau.ac.ir/article_1707_5205d174406e3890a5ee9a88eaefdbce.pdf

Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Journal of Wood and Forest Science and Technology 2322-2077 20 4 2014 02 20 Effect of permanent and periodic flooding treatments on growth, morphological and physiological characteristics of one-year old potted seedlings of Quercus castaneifolia in Noor lowland Effect of permanent and periodic flooding treatments on growth, morphological and physiological characteristics of one-year old potted seedlings of Quercus castaneifolia in Noor lowland 167 181 1700 FA Ghasemali Parad university Masoud Tabari University Seyed Ehsan Sadati Research Center of Mazandaran Journal Article 2012 11 04 In order to examine the growth, morphological and physiological changes of one-year old potted seedlings of Quercus castaneifolia, a research was performed based on completely randomized design with 3 treatments and 4 replicates (with 48 seedlings) in regimes of permanent flooding and periodic flooding (two weeks in between until 120 days) and in the Natural Resources of Tarbiat Modares University of Noor on 120 days. Analysis of LSD’s test showed that the permanent flooding decreased 19% in survival as compared with control seedlings. This is while, that all seedlings in periodic flooding were survived with respect to controls. This reason may be contributed to producing of adventitious and soil drainage that caused increasing gas exchange of rhizosphere. Also flooding decreased growth characteristics, biomass accumulation, and physiological activity such as photosynthetic, stomatal conductance, transpiration and leaf water potential. Of course, except root length and the root/shoot ratio, other parameters in permanent flooding were smaller than those of in periodic flooding. In contrast, diameter growth response in periodic flooding was higher than that in permanent flooding and it was a little greater than that in control. The reason of this phenomenon may be attributed to the development of woody xylem cells. Generally, on the base of findings in this research, it can be stated that Q. castaneifolia seedling is relatively tolerant to flooding (particularly to periodic flooding). It is suggested that for restoration of degraded forests exposed on flooding stresses and or where the natural regeneration of this species is being restricted by flooding, such a research with further seedlings, in different growth phases and during longer periods can be used with this species and also other species with similar ecological nature. In order to examine the growth, morphological and physiological changes of one-year old potted seedlings of Quercus castaneifolia, a research was performed based on completely randomized design with 3 treatments and 4 replicates (with 48 seedlings) in regimes of permanent flooding and periodic flooding (two weeks in between until 120 days) and in the Natural Resources of Tarbiat Modares University of Noor on 120 days. Analysis of LSD’s test showed that the permanent flooding decreased 19% in survival as compared with control seedlings. This is while, that all seedlings in periodic flooding were survived with respect to controls. This reason may be contributed to producing of adventitious and soil drainage that caused increasing gas exchange of rhizosphere. Also flooding decreased growth characteristics, biomass accumulation, and physiological activity such as photosynthetic, stomatal conductance, transpiration and leaf water potential. Of course, except root length and the root/shoot ratio, other parameters in permanent flooding were smaller than those of in periodic flooding. In contrast, diameter growth response in periodic flooding was higher than that in permanent flooding and it was a little greater than that in control. The reason of this phenomenon may be attributed to the development of woody xylem cells. Generally, on the base of findings in this research, it can be stated that Q. castaneifolia seedling is relatively tolerant to flooding (particularly to periodic flooding). It is suggested that for restoration of degraded forests exposed on flooding stresses and or where the natural regeneration of this species is being restricted by flooding, such a research with further seedlings, in different growth phases and during longer periods can be used with this species and also other species with similar ecological nature.

https://jwfst.gau.ac.ir/article_1700_815bbcbb01e8293bf765e4644c0c5b55.pdf

Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Journal of Wood and Forest Science and Technology 2322-2077 20 4 2014 02 20 The Comparison of Alkali and Boiling Water Pretreated Bagasse APMP Properties The Comparison of Alkali and Boiling Water Pretreated Bagasse APMP Properties 183 195 1706 FA Journal Article 2014 07 12 Alkaline Peroxide Mechanical Pulping (APMP) is an advanced process of basic Refiner Mechanical Pulping (RMP). The use of pretreatment on the raw material (especially nonwoody resources like bagasse), result in improving most of the pulp properties. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of pretreatment on the value of pulp yield, alkali absorbtion and handsheet properties of bagasse APMP. This especial bagasse was provided from Pars Paper Mill. The chemical compositions of bagasse and the characteristics of it's handsheets were determined according to the TAPPI standard rules. Bagasse was pretreated with boiling water and with 1% NaOH and 1% NaOH + 1% H 2O2 separately and in the same condition to provide pulp. Then the main treatment was done under this condition: 2% H 2O2 at pH around 11, temp. 60  C, in three diffrent consistency. The duration of the main treatment was determined in the retention of 5% of the preliminary H 2O2 . The results indicated that, the highest values of alkali absorbtion, density and strength mechanical of the handsheets were obtained in the sample pretreated with 1% NaOH + 1% H 2O2 in 10% consistency. The highest values of pulp yield and thickness of handsheets obtained from control sample bagasse and the highest value of brightness obtained in the sample pretreated bagasse with boiling water in 20% consistency. In general, with increasing the value of alkali absorbtion by bagasse, the pulp yield and the brightness of the handsheet decreased and their strength mechanical increaced. Alkaline Peroxide Mechanical Pulping (APMP) is an advanced process of basic Refiner Mechanical Pulping (RMP). The use of pretreatment on the raw material (especially nonwoody resources like bagasse), result in improving most of the pulp properties. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of pretreatment on the value of pulp yield, alkali absorbtion and handsheet properties of bagasse APMP. This especial bagasse was provided from Pars Paper Mill. The chemical compositions of bagasse and the characteristics of it's handsheets were determined according to the TAPPI standard rules. Bagasse was pretreated with boiling water and with 1% NaOH and 1% NaOH + 1% H 2O2 separately and in the same condition to provide pulp. Then the main treatment was done under this condition: 2% H 2O2 at pH around 11, temp. 60  C, in three diffrent consistency. The duration of the main treatment was determined in the retention of 5% of the preliminary H 2O2 . The results indicated that, the highest values of alkali absorbtion, density and strength mechanical of the handsheets were obtained in the sample pretreated with 1% NaOH + 1% H 2O2 in 10% consistency. The highest values of pulp yield and thickness of handsheets obtained from control sample bagasse and the highest value of brightness obtained in the sample pretreated bagasse with boiling water in 20% consistency. In general, with increasing the value of alkali absorbtion by bagasse, the pulp yield and the brightness of the handsheet decreased and their strength mechanical increaced.

https://jwfst.gau.ac.ir/article_1706_405034678c2dc042589ca7343b1501b0.pdf

Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Journal of Wood and Forest Science and Technology 2322-2077 20 4 2014 02 20 Comparison of the efficiency of leaf morphological and Peroxidase isozyme markers in segregation of Fagus orientalis Lipsky plus and none-plus trees in Shastkalateh forest-Gorgan Comparison of the efficiency of leaf morphological and Peroxidase isozyme markers in segregation of Fagus orientalis Lipsky plus and none-plus trees in Shastkalateh forest-Gorgan 197 210 1697 FA Mohammadbagher Mahmoodi Ms.c graduate Davoud Azadfar Journal Article 2012 12 09 Exploitation and climate change factors affected on beech trees (Fagus orientalis L.) so, selection and preservation of plus trees is very important for the protecting and improving of the beech stands.In order to this goal, this study was done separation of plus and none-plus trees in the same ecological conditions by peroxidase isozyme and leaf morphological markers. In July 2011, the leaf and branch samples were collected from outer layers of crown. All the materials were sampled from south aspect of plus and none plus tree (at the same height- about 10 meters) groups of beech stands in Shast Kalate forest of Gorgan. The qualitative activity of peroxidase was assessed by PAGE method. Also for investigation of leaf morphology, 10 leaf morphological traits were measured. Peroxidase banding pattern showed 8 and 11 bands in branch and leaf organs respectively, in three zones of polyacrilamide gel. The both markers showed an acceptable efficiency for separation of plus and none plus trees. Although results of the used markers were in line together, ability of leave and branch Peroxidase isozyme were better than leaf morphology marker. Exploitation and climate change factors affected on beech trees (Fagus orientalis L.) so, selection and preservation of plus trees is very important for the protecting and improving of the beech stands.In order to this goal, this study was done separation of plus and none-plus trees in the same ecological conditions by peroxidase isozyme and leaf morphological markers. In July 2011, the leaf and branch samples were collected from outer layers of crown. All the materials were sampled from south aspect of plus and none plus tree (at the same height- about 10 meters) groups of beech stands in Shast Kalate forest of Gorgan. The qualitative activity of peroxidase was assessed by PAGE method. Also for investigation of leaf morphology, 10 leaf morphological traits were measured. Peroxidase banding pattern showed 8 and 11 bands in branch and leaf organs respectively, in three zones of polyacrilamide gel. The both markers showed an acceptable efficiency for separation of plus and none plus trees. Although results of the used markers were in line together, ability of leave and branch Peroxidase isozyme were better than leaf morphology marker.

https://jwfst.gau.ac.ir/article_1697_d57e0ce6599040000c7d37d1a5434312.pdf