Vertical density profile, a key parameter for evaluating of particleboard quality
زهرا
جهانی لمر
دانشگاه
author
سعید رضا
فرخ پیام
دانشگاه
author
text
article
2015
per
Abstract To study the quality particleboard wood-based of density profile and due to the influence of mat moisture (8,10,12 and 14) %, press temperature(150, 160, 170 and 180) °C and time of press closing (10, 20 and 30) s on the density profile. An accurate thicknesses was used to get layers from the experimental panels and consequently, determine the density of each layer. The results showed the density gradient was increased with decreasing of press closing time and density differences increased between outer and inner layers. As density was increased and mat moisture was reduced, internal bonding was increased. According the manufacturing condition of each treatment, increasing mat moisture caused to compression of outer layers, density and improvement of modulus of rupture. According to the results obtained by the factors controlling the density profile in this study, most of the physical and mechanical strength of the board at the EN-317, EN-310 and EN-319 were measured at or higher than it has been. Mat moisture and press temperature was affected more on density profile than other factors.
Journal of Wood and Forest Science and Technology
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
2322-2077
21
v.
4
no.
2015
1
21
https://jwfst.gau.ac.ir/article_2099_1f6ec4b9705425f008996adccf4a1bd4.pdf
Stakeholders and Criteria for their Identification in Natural Resources Management
(Case Study: Golestan Province Forests)
سید مرتضی
موسوی نوکنده
student of PhD-Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
author
mohamadhadi
moayeri
Associate Professor of Department of Forestry
author
Abdolrassoul
Salmanmahiny
Associate Professor, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
author
text
article
2015
per
The important factors for success of planning and decision making by natural resources policy-makers and managers in northern forests of Iran relate heavily to the identification of stakeholders and criteria involved in this process. In the past two decades much researches have been implemented to discover the important cited success factors. However, each area is unique which makes them requiring comprehensive surveys. The results of this study using questionnaire designed based on Lickert method showed acceptable validity and a Cronbach's alpha of 0.811 which is reliable. It found that three main criteria for identification of stakeholders are habitation, utilization and protection by the stakeholders and included 19 sub-criteria. For identification and determination of different stakeholders the Cronbach's alpha=0.803 was acceptable and stakeholders were found to be beneficiaries, experts, farmers, professors, ranchmen, NGOs and tourists. These stakeholders themselves included 19 sub-stakeholders. These results are consistent with those of other researchers. The results showed the necessity of attention to stakeholders and their criteria in natural forests management. Attending to this has important effects on decreasing challenges of natural resources management specially forests and increasing of cooperation and collaboration among different stakeholders.
Journal of Wood and Forest Science and Technology
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
2322-2077
21
v.
4
no.
2015
23
40
https://jwfst.gau.ac.ir/article_2100_99428e694f418a84a2ea145c44e0bbdc.pdf
Morphological, Mechanical and Barrier Properties of Polylactic Acid/Cellulose Nanocrystal/Nanoclay Composite Films
Behzad
Kord
استادیار گروه سلولزی و بسته بندی - پژوهشکده شیمی و پتروشیمی - پژوهشگاه استاندارد
author
Mehdi
Roohani
استادیار گروه سلولزی و بسته بندی - پژوهشکده شیمی و پتروشیمی - پژوهشگاه استاندارد
author
text
article
2015
per
The aim of this study was to develop the biodegradable nanocomposite films based on polylactic acid (PLA) reinforced with cellulose nanocrystal and nanoclay. Nanocomposite films with different loads of nanocrystal and nanoclay (0, 3 and 5 wt%) were prepared using a solvent casting method and their morphological, mechanical and barrier properties were tested. The study of nanoparticles dispersion quality in a PLA matrix has been examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD). For evaluating the mechanical and barrier properties of films, tensile strength, water vapor permeability and oxygen transmission rate were measured. XRD patterns showed that pure PLA has a semi-crystalline structure and addition of cellulose nanocrystal into this polymer would produce a more regular structure which results in improved crystallization. Also, the morphological findings revealed the formation of intercalation structure in nanocomposite films at all nanoclay loadings. The results indicated that the presence of cellulose nanocrystalls in the polymer matrix increased the tensile strength and elastic modulus of nanocomposite compared to those of pure PLA. Moreover, the mechanical properties of composite films increased with the increase of nanoclay up to loading fraction of 3%, but decreased using higher (5%) nanoclay loading fraction. The positive effect of nanofillers on mechanical properties is related to their high aspect ratio, crystalline structure and modulus. Furthermore, the decrease in mechanical properties at higher clay content levels is probably due to the formation of clay agglomeration, and its uneven distribution. Besides, the adding of cellulose nanocrystal and nanoclay improved barrier properties, by reduction of water vapor permeability and oxygen transmission of nanocomposite films.
Journal of Wood and Forest Science and Technology
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
2322-2077
21
v.
4
no.
2015
41
60
https://jwfst.gau.ac.ir/article_2101_3c118529115cad696850f944f7ecfcab.pdf
Effect of tobacco plant stalk on the mechanical and Physical properties of particleboard
وحیدرضا
صفدری
مدیر گروه صنایع چوب و کاغذ دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد کرج
author
amir
jamshidy avanaki
کارشناس صنایع چوب سازمان آموزش فنی و حرفه ای کشور
author
ابوالفضل
کارگرفرد
هیات علمی موسسه جنگلها و مراتع کشور
author
سید محمد جواد
سپیده دم
هیات علمی دانشگاه آزاد واحد کرج
author
text
article
2015
per
Effect of tobacco plant stalk on the mechanical and Physical properties of particleboard Using of agriculture residues instead of wood as raw material in lignocellulosic industry including particleboards is effective strategy in protection of forests. One of agricultural residues is tobacco stalks which after harvesting of leaves their stalks mostly ploughed into the soil or burnt in the field by farmers, but their stalks are good sources of fibers.The particle boards have been fabricated with mixture of 0% tobacco stalk , 25% tobacco stalk and 75% forestry wood chips , 50% tobacco stalks and 50% forestry wood chips , 75% tobacco stalks and 25% forestry wood chips and 100 percent of forestry wood chip. The Urea-formaldehyde resin content was permanent and 10% of dried weight of woodchips, but two press times 4 and 6 minute was employed. The result showed that with increasing of tobacco stalks, the MOR, MOE, resistance of water absorption and thickness swelling increased significantly (P>0.01) and it is because of higher compression ration of tobacco stalks. But in contrast with increasing of tobacco stalks the internal bonding decreases significantly (P>0.05) and it can be attributed to low density and high aspect ratio of tobacco fibers. Meanwhile with increasing press time from 4 to 6 minutes the mechanical properties and internal bounding decreases but water absorption and thickness swelling doesn’t get any changes. Keywords:Particleboard, Tobacco stalk, Mechanical and physical properties, Press time.
Journal of Wood and Forest Science and Technology
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
2322-2077
21
v.
4
no.
2015
61
76
https://jwfst.gau.ac.ir/article_2102_b8f2f33673711b2e5eb03dd54be66c39.pdf
Predicting the newsprint tear strength in MD on the effective variables (Case study: Mazandaran Wood and Paper Company)
ali
bayatkashkoli
Associate Professor / University of Zabol
author
Ali
Rafighi
Assistante professor
author
text
article
2015
per
In paper making process, different variables are measured to improve the product runnability. These variables affect the paper properties. The main question is, which one of these variables is the most effective variable on the newsprint tear strength in MD? Therefore, 145 variables of online data from 2009 to 2011 periods were chosen by modeling methods of liner regression and modeling of Gamma Test (GT), M-Test (MT), Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). 7 variables were selected on the base of liner regression of stepwise and then ANN models were created on the basis of these variables. Selected variables were as following; 1. Machine Cons. including additives and stock, 2. Slice open headbox, 3. Rush/Drug-wire, 4. No. 8-Vacuum pumps, 5. No. 10-Vacuum pumps, 6. Press 4-clothing tension, 7. Fan output-Heat recovery1. Generally, results of GT, MT and GA were showed that all of 7 variables have been the most effective on the newsprint tear strength. The best model of BFGS neural network has shown that mean absolute percent error and the correlation coefficient are equal 0.011% and 0.97, respectively.
Journal of Wood and Forest Science and Technology
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
2322-2077
21
v.
4
no.
2015
77
94
https://jwfst.gau.ac.ir/article_2103_84acda682ef13c325edbec215d26b111.pdf
Using Indigenous Knowledge of Nomadic People as a Suitable Guidance for Optimal
Management in Forest Natural Ecosystems
وحید
کریمیان
مدرس گروه کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه پیام نور، جمهوری اسلامی ایران.
author
mojdeh
صفائی
دانشجوی دکتری مرتعداری دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان
author
سید حمید
متین خواه
استادیار دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان
author
text
article
2015
per
Now a day, the results of researches clear the importance of using indigenous knowledge in sustainable development. The goal of the currents study is to identify tree and shrub species for livestock feeding, based on indigenous knowledge for planting these species in degraded rangeland. To achieve the goal a list of trees and shrubs characteristics in the Kohkiluye-va-BoyerAhmad province was developed. BoyerAhmad tribe considered as the statistical population in this study, because this tribe is the largest nomadic tribe in the province and resides in various geographical region in each season. Dataset were collected using a questionnaire. Univariate statistical analysis and frequency distribution graphs were used for statistical analysis. Using random sampling method and Cochran's formula, the sample size was calculated to be 36. Questionnaire's topics were based on following factors: livestock preference values, favorite parts of plant (leaves, branches and fruits), geographic distribution of the species (in cold, hot and temperate climates), consumption season and finally type of livestock (sheep or goat). The results based on the local users' expressions indicate higher consumption of livestocks from Pyrus globra, Quercus brantii, Pictasia khinjuk, Amygdalus lycioides and Acer monspessulanum due to better palatability and availability in comparison to the other species. Most consumed species, moreover, belonging to the cold climate, such as Salix sp, Popolus euphratica, Crataegus pontica and Pyrus globra. All the studied species are consumed by goat better than sheep. By introdiucing fowllowing species in degraded rangeland, not only can we protect forest species, but we also can increase rangeland production and promote its quality. The useful consequences of using indigenous knowledge in different programs and its rolls in developing cooperational guidance will increase the interest of planners and deciecion makers in conserving natural ecosystems.
Journal of Wood and Forest Science and Technology
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
2322-2077
21
v.
4
no.
2015
95
114
https://jwfst.gau.ac.ir/article_2104_50216dc95acc66a9a165684991ae7016.pdf
Production of Cellulose Nanowhisker from bamboo and Evaluation of Its Properties
Elahe
Mehri
دنشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان
author
علی
قاسمیان
دانشیار گروه صنایع خمیر و کاغذ/دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان
author
الیاس
افرا
استادیار گروه صنایع خمیر و کاغذ/دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان
author
سید رحمان
جعفری
دانش آموخته دکترای صنایع خمیر وکاغذ/دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان
author
text
article
2015
per
The production of cellulose nanowhisker from renewable sources, due to its unique mechanical properties (high strength and specific modulus), high specific surface area, environmental benefits and low production costs, has been recently on great attention. Thus,the production of cellulose nanowhisker from bamboo has been evaluated in the present study. The main purpose of this research is to evaluate the possibility of the production of nanowhisker from cellulose of bamboo and, also to study its morphological and structural properties as well as to determine the optimum acid hydrolysis condition for the production of cellulose nanowhisker. The soda-AQ pulp of bamboo was used to produce of alpha-cellulose. After one stage bleaching using sodium chlorite, acidic hydrolysis of alpha cellulose using 64% sulfuric acid has been done under the following condition: acid/cellulose ratio = 8/1, time: 25, 35 and 45 minutes, temp.= 40, 45 and 50 °C. The properties of the obtained cellulose nanowhiskers were investigated using atomic force microscope (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Results showed that the yield of alpha cellulose was 73/22%. The results of acidic hydrolysis showed that the run done at 45°C and 45 min. was the optimum one, which could produce cellulose nanowhisker with 84% crystallinity, 12.25% yield and 7-12 nm diameter.
Journal of Wood and Forest Science and Technology
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
2322-2077
21
v.
4
no.
2015
115
130
https://jwfst.gau.ac.ir/article_2105_486cf4f434d83a350800aa6a3501501b.pdf
Effects of nano zinc oxide and zinc borate on the durability of wood flour/HDPE composite
داود
رسولی
دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان
author
مهدی
فائزی پور
دانشگاه تهران
author
محمدرضا
ماستری فراهانی
دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان
author
text
article
2015
per
In this study, the efficiency of nano-zinc oxide and zinc borate with four mixing ratios of 0, 1, 2, 4 wt% on the biodegradation resistance of wood plastic composite (containing 50 and 70 wt% wood flour) were investigated. Briefly, the composite samples were manufactured using internal mixer and compression molding, followed by exposing to the white rot fungus, Trametes versicolor.The obtained results indicated that no significant weight loss happened in composites containing zinc borate. But, the addition of nano zinc oxide with loading fraction of 2 and 4% to the structure of composites containing 50 and 70 percent wood, significantly reduced weight loss. In the composites containing 50% wood, the results of flexural strength loss matched with weight loss at the end of the decay experiment, while the composites containing 70% wood, the flexural strength loss was not in good agreement with the results of the weight loss.
Journal of Wood and Forest Science and Technology
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
2322-2077
21
v.
4
no.
2015
131
146
https://jwfst.gau.ac.ir/article_2106_e1fe85409969ee468975fce7c222e711.pdf
Study on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Paulownia Wood Impregnated With Nanosilver and Nanocopper
Maliheh
Akhtari
Bojnourd branch, Islamic Azad University
author
Maryam
Ghorbani
Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural
Resources University
author
Hamid Reza
Taghiyari
دانشگاه شهید رجایی
author
text
article
2015
per
Present research was conducted to investigate the effects of nanosilver and Nanocopper on physical (Water Absorption and Dimension Swelling) and mechanical properties (MOE, MOR, Compression strength parallel to the grain and Hardness) of Paulownia fortunei. Specimens were impregnated with Empty-cell method with a 400 ppm aqueous suspension of nanosilver and nanocopper, size range from 10 to 80 nm, in a pressure vessel at 2.5 bar for 30 minutes. Results showed that modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), and compression strength parallel to the grain were significantly increased in impregnated samples and the most increased was showed in impregnated samples with Nanocopper. In mechanical properties, there was no significant difference in hardness between impregnated and control samples. Results shown that impregnated wood with Nanosilver and Nanocopper have positive significantly effect to decrease dimension swelling and water absorption in specimens. Cluster analysis on physical and mechanical properties showed that impregnated samples with nano-copper clustered differently. However, impregnated samples with nano-silver had improved some of the physical and mechanical properties of wood but they didn’t have significant difference in comparison control specimens.Key words: Nanosilver, Nanocopper, Paulownia fortune, Dimension Swelling, Water Absorption, Mechanical properties
Journal of Wood and Forest Science and Technology
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
2322-2077
21
v.
4
no.
2015
147
160
https://jwfst.gau.ac.ir/article_2107_285be05e4f9f66db6683cee121af10fe.pdf
Productivity and cost study of mule logging in Astara watershed forests
سید رستم
موسوی میرکلا
هیئت علمی
author
مهرداد
نیکوی
دانشگاه
author
رامین
نقدی
nhka'hi
author
نسرین
غزنوی
دانشگاه
author
سرخوش
کرمزاده
دانشگاه
author
text
article
2015
per
Mule logging is one of the traditional logging systems in Caspian forest of Iran, as in many other areas of the world. The objective of this study was to evaluate the productivity and cost of mule logging operation by means of continues time study. The project area was located in district 7 of Astara forest. Time model for wood extraction was calculated using continues time study method after determining work elements. The hourly productions of mule logging with and without delay were 0.187m3/h and0.202m3/h, respectively. In model of skidding, skidding distance, slope and load volume were significant variables. Skidding costs with and without delay were 426834 and 395138 Rial per m3, respectively. The results indicated that this timber extracting system is feasible, applicable, and reasonable for small wood procurement area and small size trees and the area which is not in access due to poor road network.
Journal of Wood and Forest Science and Technology
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
2322-2077
21
v.
4
no.
2015
161
174
https://jwfst.gau.ac.ir/article_2108_a9e950607d8517674a3997c19edb3479.pdf
Effect of using of Zeolite and Calcium Carbonate fillers on newsprint paper Properties
محمد رضا
دهقانی فیروزآبادی
عضو هیئت علمی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان- گروه صنایع خمیر و کاغذ
author
vahid
vaziri
عضو هیئت علمی دانشگاه گنبد کاووس- گروه صنایع چوب و کاغذ
author
text
article
2015
per
In this study, the effect of using different amounts of zeolite and calcium carbonate fillers at three levels comprising 10, 20 and 30 % on newsprint paper properties was investigated. Chemi Mechanical Pulp (CMP) and calcium carbonate and zeolite fillers (Analysm type) were used. To compare the physical and mechanical properties, from equal amount of filler remaining in paper as 10% zeolite and 30% calcium carbonate treatments was used to interpretation of results. The results showed that zeolite retention (59.17%) is more than calcium carbonate (22.5%). Important result of this research is to reduce production costs and effluent pollutions due to high retention of zeolite filler. Papers containing 10% zeolite in comparison with 30% calcium carbonate fillers , physical and mechanical properties were more but brightness and opacity were less. Totally, it can be concluded that zeolite filler is suitable for products that moderate brightness needs.
Journal of Wood and Forest Science and Technology
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
2322-2077
21
v.
4
no.
2015
175
186
https://jwfst.gau.ac.ir/article_2109_b6c95badc9e606fc525df460150261af.pdf
Evaluation and analysis of different changes detection methods of land use/vegetation cover (case Study: Forest protected area of Manesht, Ilam)
ali
mahdavi
استادیار گروه جنگل و مرتع، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام
author
hassan
fathizad
دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد بیابانزدایی، داشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام
author
Shaban
Shataee
دانشیار دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان
author
text
article
2015
per
At present, changes without land use planning, has become a major problem. Most land use changes, without a clear and logical planning is done with little regard to their environmental impact. Since changes in land use is done in wide areas, the technology of remote sensing tool for monitoring the changes are necessary and valuable. In this study, Landsat images (TM) 1988 and Landsat (ETM +) in 2007 using seven techniques to detect change area of 29,141 hectares of forest area protected Mansht Ilam province are analyzed. Change detection techniques used in this study included the subtraction image, vector analysis, differential NDVI, principal component analysis, canonical component analysis, calculus teleschope and calculus maping. In this study, for determining the threshold the methods that requires threshold the statistical methods are used and accprdingly it is realized that threshold changes in the area of study was located in 1 standard deviation. After determining the threshold change of areas with reduced, decreased, or no changes has been identified. To evaluate the accuracy of change detection techniques, taken from the ground realities through field visits and satellite images of Google Earth, the total accuracy and Kappa coefficient were used. Our obtained findings revealed that the difference between infrared band with an accuracy of 5/99 and kappa 2/98 percent of the technique detection change used in this study had the highest precision and CCA2 precision of 9/71 and kappa 2/65% of have had the least accurate in the detection of land use/ vegetation in the study area.
Journal of Wood and Forest Science and Technology
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
2322-2077
21
v.
4
no.
2015
187
210
https://jwfst.gau.ac.ir/article_2110_4eeae466c30b6a9fb76ce43e3c499de6.pdf